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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


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Photographic 

Sdences 

Corporation 


73  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

W6SST,«R, N.Y.  J4580 
(716)  873-4503 


il 


CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHIVI/ICIVIH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


«p 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notaa/Notaa  tachniquea  at  bibliographiquaa 


The  inatituta  haa  attamptad  to  obtain  tha  baat 
original  copy  availabia  for  filming.  Faaturaa  of  thia 
copy  which  may  ba  bibliographically  uniqua, 
which  may  altar  any  of  tha  imagaa  in  tha 
raproduction,  or  which  may  aignificantly  changa 
tha  uaual  mathod  of  filming,  ara  chaclcad  balow. 


n 


Colourad  covara/ 
Couvartura  da  couleur 


I     I   Covara  damagad/ 


D 


Couvartura  andommagia 


Covara  raatorad  and/or  laminatad/ 
Couvartura  raatauria  at/ou  palliculAa 


□   Covar  titia  miaaing/ 
La 


titra  da  couvartura  manqua 


I      I   Colourad  maps/ 


Cartas  gAographiquaa  an  coulaur 

Colourad  ink  (i.a.  othar  than  blua  or  black)/ 
Encra  da  coulaur  (i.a.  autra  qua  blaua  ou  noira) 


I      I   Colourad  platas  and/or  lllustrationa/ 


□ 


D 


Planchas  at/ou  illuatrationa  an  coulaur 


Bound  with  othar  material/ 
RaliA  avac  d'autras  documanta 


Tight  binding  may  causa  shadows  or  distortion 
along  interior  margin/ 

La  reliure  serrAe  peut  causer  de  I'ombre  ou  de  la 
distortion  la  long  de  la  marge  intirieure 

Blank  leaves  added  during  restoretion  may 
appear  within  the  text.  Whenever  possible,  these 
have  been  omitted  from  filming/ 
II  se  peut  que  certeines  pages  blanches  ejoutAes 
lors  d'une  restauration  apparaissant  dans  la  texte, 
mais,  lorsque  cela  Atait  possible,  ces  pages  n'ont 
pas  4t6  filmftes. 


L'Institut  a  microfilm^  la  mailleur  exemplaira 
qu'il  lui  a  At*  poaaibia  da  aa  procurer.  Lea  dAtaila 
da  cat  exemplaira  qui  aont  paut-Atre  uniquea  du 
point  da  vue  bibliographiqua,  qui  peuvent  modifier 
une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dana  la  mAthoda  normala  de  f ilmaga 
aont  indiquia  ci-daaaoua. 


|~~|   Colourad  pages/ 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pagea  damaged/ 
Pagea  endommagtea 


□   Pagea  raatorad  and/or  laminated/ 
Pages  reataurAea  at/ou  pelliculAea 

rrV  Pagea  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
I  i/l    Pages  dAcolories,  tachetAea  ou  piquAes 

□   Pagea  detached/ 
Pages  dAtachAas 

Showthroughy 
Tranaparanee 

Quality  of  prin 

Qualit6  inAgale  de  I'impreasion 

Includes  supplementary  materii 
Comprend  du  materiel  supplAmantaira 

Only  edition  available/ 
Seule  Mition  diaponil  ^a 


rrpi  Showthrough/ 

I      I  Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I  Includes  supplementary  materiel/ 

pn  Only  edition  available/ 


D 


Pages  wholly  or  partially  obscured  by  errata 
slips,  tissues,  etc.,  have  been  refilmed  to 
ensure  the  best  possible  image/ 
Lea  pagea  totalement  ou  partiallement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc..  ont  4tA  filmAes  A  nouveau  de  fa^on  A 
obtenir  le  meilleure  image  possible. 


r~y  Additional  comments:/ 

l__]    Commentaires  supplAmentaires: 


Irregular  pagination  :  i  •  Ix,  11  -  118p. 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  documen*.  est  film*  au  taux  da  reduction  indiqu*  ci-dessous. 


10X 

14X 

18X 

22X 

26X 

aox 

y 

12X 

16X 

20X 

24X 

28X 

32X 

The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
to  the  generosity  of: 

Nova  jcotia  Public  Archives 


L'exemp.aire  film6  fut  reproduit  grSce  d  la 
gdn^rosit^  de: 

Nova  Scotia  Public  Archives 


Ills 

du 

difisr 

jn« 

lag* 


The  images  appearing  here  are  the  best  quality 
possible  considering  the  condition  and  legibility 
of  the  original  copy  and  in  keeping  with  the 
filming  contract  specifications. 


Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
de  la  netteti  de  I'exemplaire  filmi,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
papier  est  imprimde  sont  film^s  en  commenpant 
par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
ddrnidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  film^s  en  commenpant  par  la 
premiere  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^-  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED "I,  or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END '). 
whichever  applies. 


Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — *>  signifie  "A  SUIVRE ',  le 
symbole  V  signifie  "FIN". 


Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffirents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  cliche,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup^rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  n^cessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  m^thode. 


rrata 
o 


lolure. 


D 


32X 


1 

2 

3 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

NAWSET  )Pr.CAfic 


Pt. 


% 


>.e» 


A  MAI-  OF  CAI'F.  COD  AS  IT  APl'KAHF.D  AT  TIIK   HF(iINNIN(i 
OF  TIIK  ITtii  CKNTlin'. 


Sec  ]iapf  :'(). 


TIIK 


IMJE-COLLMIUAN 


|)IS(  ()\  Klv'V    or   AMKl.'K  A 


II Y 


THE  NORTHMEN, 


II.I.rsTltATKl)    ItY 


rvanftlationfi  t'vom  tlir  ^:niantli^  s-acjafi. 


KDITKK    WITH 


NOTKS  AM>  A  CIKNKUAl-  INTHODICTlOX, 


r.Y 


r,.  v.  Di:  co^  r  A  . 


.1  /. /M  \  y : 

.1  (>  K  I,     M  INS  !•:  I.  I. 

1  S  (IS  . 


PubJic  Archive"^  of  Novn  Scotia' 

HALir.'':'      N    ■' 


I- 


'' 


I'liKKACK. 


„  ":''■  '■  ""■  '"••■"'■"'  "■■•'■k  i-^  <"  I whhin  ,l„.  r,,„.h  „r  „„. 

Knv.l.s.,    r,,„li„K  l,i„„,ic,,l  ,„„l,.,„  ,.,,.,.  ,,„,, „„.  ,,.„, 

-..»™.,„i„n3,„,».i„K„„l,c,|.,,.r , „i, ,.,.v„rA ,,,, 

i.y Ac .N„„i,„K.„.  'iv.,. s„,„s „,,. I,.,., i„ „„. :, I,,,,,,,. 

'''""     '■"'"■■■  "■  ■■' » i"i-.  ...  ,.iv,.  i„f;,n 

?■'■""■.  ';■  '""■'"'" '  I ■"•  ■"■  ■"  "I...W  M„.  i,,,.,„i,,  ,„•  I , 

U.|..„.  ,„,„„«  S„bJ..,.,,  „,IM„.  i, ,„„„,,,; I,  ,,„„„„„, 

"::/"'"'"":"" '"'- """»"  i-Kii- ■-». 1  p..,,..„-„  ,i„.,„ 

""''  ""■';«-'■"■■••">■  »|.,«"-,m,».  r,„.  ,i„. .„.„  „r  „„. ,., , ,. .: 

,  f™"-'''*- i" . i,i.  ..„„„„,.  i,.,»  ,,„.,„,„ ,„t,.„„;., 

""'"";";;""''■'"■"' '•--»"'■ -'""i™  T..„i s„.i,i,.  i,„„. 

""'■;■"'"•■''""  "'°.>- y •■  l""v 'i„.  ,h,o  „r u„,i,.  „„i,ii,,„ 

""V"  " """'  ■''"''"''  »"  -"'«it"<in,>,.  .1.,.  .,no,  l„„,„ i 

»-o.-  «„„„,„,„,.    .n,,,,.;,,,,,,,  „ ,,,,,, .„„,^^^, ^,,^^^ 

'"     "■"t.?""'^'""" '"■ "-.I  «iH.  „„„.|,  i„,,,,.v 

in.itte,..  „  ,l,d  „„t  „„„p|,„,  „„.  ^,_|,.,,,,j  I    ^^^^_^^|^^ 


work,  l()ll^■  s 


y-  since  went  .mt  uf  print. 
'"•''  "'■'^"   .irivcn  l.y   Lain.i:.  burie.l  in  tl 
translation  of  tl.e  Ih  im.knn.jla  ;  |,nt  fl 


•I"  widi  Smith' 


•veral  of  the  l.ricf  X 


irrativ(;s 


If  a 


ijicnd 


'>'■  "*'  hi.-.;   valualilt 


II"'   now  availalil 


ic  lalior 


>fll 


t'.  am 


I.   if 


'IiiIhiu'iI.    Would 


ii'sc  autli(ir,'<  aro 


want. 


I''  author  has  thorof 


Mot    meet    (h 


or 


0  improved  a   lavorahl 


present 


»'  oecasion  to 


IV 


I'UKKACK/. 


prcsi'iit  wliiit  iiiiiv.  Iit'iiiiiic.  lie  regarded  as  an  cxiiositiun  ul'tlio  wlmlo 
iHU'stidii.  In  (liiinj;  so  lie  lias  IVfcly  niailc  use  uf  siicli  niaffrial  f'nini 
tin;  aliovc  nM'ntiiiin'(l  writers  as  In-  funsidcrcil  valualilr  lor  tin'  pur- 
|Misi;.  Tin'  lirici'  translations  nl"  Laii.;^.  licini:  well  ilunc.  liavo  hccn 
uivi'n  entire,  with  the  exc('|itiipn  that  particular  expressidns  have 
Iteen  iniprnved  nixin  ;  hut  such  portions  ol'  the  unsatisl'actory  and 
init  altojicsthor  iiiut'uuous  work  (d'  Smith  as  have  heen  used  have 
heen  sonu'wiiat  thorouiihly  recast.  A  hetter  use  conlil  have  liecu 
iniuli!  of  Mcaniisli's  work,  if  the  author  hail  succeeded  in  obtuiiiinjr  a 
<'opy  hcf'ore  he  was  on  the  point  ot'closinii  up  his  work. 

No  critical  knowledizc  id'  the  Ici'landic  toniiue  is  (daiined  hy  tin; 
author,  yet  he  hopes  that  the  te.xt  of  tlu;  Saj^as  has  not  here  hi'cn 
niisiiiterjireted.  <»r  left  ohscure.  especially  asthoSa;,'as  relatini:  to  tin; 
i're-('olun:hian  voyanes  arc  uiven  in  Professors  Rafn's  work  on  the 
antiijuitics of  America,  accoini)aniud  by  versions  in  liatin  and  Danish. 
In  evorythinj;'  relatinj:,'  to  the  latter  tonj;ue.  the  author  has  had  the 
iuvaluahio    assistance  and  advice  of  one  who  has  spoken    it  fr 


om 


ClIlKlllOlM 


Ih 


The  gramniatical  structure  of  the  Tcelandic  is  simple,  and  the  aim 


has  been  throughout  to  maintain  this  simplicity  in  the  trauslatioi 


IS, 


so  far  as  the  <;'enius  of  our  own  toniiue  would  permit.  This  work 
being  strictly  historical.  Iioth  in  spirit  and  <lesii;ii.  the  jioetieal  t;.v- 
tracts  whitdi  occur  here  and  there  are  Iran  lated  as  litt'rally  as 
possible,   without    any    attempt    to    garnish   them    with    metre    and 


rlivme. 


rthel 


evertlieli'ss  vcrsnins  in  rliynu 
th 


yjy  otl 


u!r  Hands,  are  some- 


times given  in  the  notes 


It  will  be  seen  that  the  author  differs  on  some  points  from  i*ro- 
fes.sor  Uafii  ;  yet  it  is  believed  that  if  he  could  havi"  gone  over  the 
subjiH't  again,  studying  it  on  the  ground,  and  amid  tl>e  scenes  in 
wdiicli  so  many  of  the  exploits  oi'  the  Northmen  were  performed,  he 
would  have  modified  his  views  on  some  points. 

On  the  other  hand,  the  author  has  sought  to  strengthen  several  of 
the  conclusions  of  that  noble  and  laborious  investigator,  and  particu- 


PISKl'WCK. 

V 

larly  hy  hvuy,u.^  nut  ,„..,•..   fully  th.  IvuthMu.s.  ,if  ,|,..   |,...h„nli.. 

••'"   ■•'.•'|M'.-t    thilt   if    ,lu,.s   nut    MOW   |.,,.s,srS.S. 

And  l.-t  us  rouuMnlHT  fl.at  iu  vi,nli,..,i„,.  .1...  N„r.hu..M.  w.  l.uuor 

""""   ^■' '  ^'^'iv,.   us  ,1...  Hrs,   knuwl...!,..  ,,.....,...,1  ..C   ,1... 

'^""■'■'"""  ' "'"'"'■ ''•'ttnwh.„uw..,.n.in.i..|„..,|  ,;.,., .M.,.h   l...,si,|.. 

tl.af  wc  ,.sf..„u  vulual.l...      r..P  ,,  ,;,,,,„  ;„  ,  ^,,,,.,  „.„^,^,,^^.  ^^.,^^._^  ^^^ 

-l>t..k  ufuur  ••Saxou  iuhoritauee.-      I,  is  n.fhn  IVnm  ,1...  .\n,-,|.,„,.„ 

tl.at  w..  I.av.  .h.riv.Ml  our  vital  .uo-y,  our  (•n.,.,|ou.  oftl.ou.h,    an.l 
•"   ••'  ""-s.nv.  fl.af  w..  do  ,.of   v.f   su.p....t.  our  str..u.ll.  of  s,.......h. 

^'■t.   l..-.|.|Hlv.  the   ,,.o,,|.  an.   las,    l...,.,uuiM,u'   .-ousnous  of  .hrir    iu- 

•'•■•'•-'"•-;  so  that  it  is  to  l>.  lH,,..,l  Hu.  .In.  tiuMMs  no,  Ihr  .lisfau. 
wh.-u  ,1m.  Nortlunon  u.ay  l..'  r.>vo,uui/...d  iu  tlu-ir  ri,l.(.  so.-ial,  ,,„|i,i,.,| 
^"-1  lito,.ary  d.aractors.  aud  af  ,1,.  sa,n,.  riu.,..  as  navigators,  assunir 
tho.rUMu.  position  iu  th.  l»rc-(,'olun.l,ia..  Dis.-overy  of  An.erira. 

S'n.VVKSANT    I'AUK, 

Nivw  VonK,  fms. 


(M)\Ti:XTs. 


I    I'r.iniT. 

II.  'i-neral    lMtrn.|„..tin„,_  llis,.,nr    F.,nri,.s;    Tl„.   S,.a    .,(    U,uku,:. 

•'"l.aH|.A|,..,|i,i.,n;  Tru.liti„„s:TI,..N,„-,|„n,.n:Tl,..C..| .,„i..„ 

of  l.vl,v„,|;S..itl..nH.„tul(;rr,.„la.Ml;(.rnM„i/:„i f  tl,,  < 'Innrl,  ; 

.M<'iimi,..|,tsaM.I  |{„ins:   l-A|,lu,aii,,„s  i„  ( i,v..„laii,|  :  Tlir  IVrli,,.' 
"l<''-'''"l"rMl:I„.st(i,v..„lan.l  I'cm.imI  ;  Tl...  Chanu't.r  a,„l  .\.|,i..v. 

•'..•nts„l -1h.  \.,r,|,„„.n  :  Th.  Sl,i,,.s„r,|„.  N,„HM,..n  ;  Tin-  l,i„.ra 
""■"    "'    ■••'•l»'"l;    Tin.    .Mani.snipts;    Tl...    Tn.il.lul.Mss   ..f    ,1,.. 
Narrativrs;  Tl,..  Al.smn.  of  .M„n,Mn,.Mt.s  a.nl  IJ.nmiM.s  in  Vinlan.l. 
Ml.  <>miiiliiciiii  ami  his  UiH'kji. 

IV.   I':>irti.-I!,.,rsv,,va^r,.stu(ir..,.nlamlan.ls,.|tl,.,n,.nt.   A.D.    !),s:!    WSO. 

V.  Hian,,.  II.Tii.ltss.,n-sv„yay,.t„,|„....,a.s,„f.\in,n,a.   A.D.     !).S(;. 

^  I.   '''•il'Kiir.son's  vdva^r..  tl.  \'iiilaii,|, 
VII.  'rii..ival.l   Kii..s..irs  v.,,vair..  t..  N'nilaii.l. 
VIII.  Tli.,rsicin  Kri.'s..irsalt..ni|.t  t..  S.'.^k  ViiiJaiid. 
IX'.   Tli,.Hinii  Karis..rii..'ss..||l..,n..nt  in  Vinlai.,1, 

X.   iMvv.lis's  v..va^n.an.ls,.itl..in.Mit  in  Vinlaii.j    . 


.\.l>.   IIMII)      11)01 
.\.l).  I ()()•.>. 
AD.  1(1(1.-). 
\.l>.   HHk;  -  1(1)1!). 
V.l>.  IOlU-101-J. 


."MINoH   .\AI?I!.\TIVi;s 


I.   Aiv  .M, 


irsi.n's  S<.i..iirii  in  li\ 


itraniaiiiialai 


II.   V 


'.,vajr....l|5i,,rn  .\isl.i-aii(lsiiii 


III.    (ill.lli'ir  liudl; 


ili;is.)n  s  vi.Vi 


IV.   All 


iisii.ris  t.)  \'i)v 


lyi's  tuiinil  in  Anci.'nt  .Mi 


inii.-iiTJ|.t.< 


V.  (i 


<.j.n'a|.liical  I' 


raynii'Mis 


.\.l).    !is;| 


.\.l>.    !)!)!». 


A.I),  um. 


CoiaiKCTloNs  AM)  .\;)|)ITI()XS 


I'nL'.vsi,  lii,r-,M  „l. ,.,••■, I, inv  ..N,,,     in,,.,-,  ,},..„.„„„. 
I'ny  N\\,  liiii'  Hi  (,.!•  ■  ■riiiiiir"  i-.imI.  ll,;,,'!. 
I'ny.   ••!!.  ii..!.:!,  fur  ■  l„,„'li  "  iv„.|,  A,,,/,/,. 

I'Myv  III.  liii.'  '.'(I.  nllrr  ■■r„m,in  -  ,..hl.  ,  „/, ,-../  //„   „ ^/,.,,,  //„  /„,,,,. 

I'air-  ts.  11, „.•.....  (or-Thnr-i,.!,,-  ,,,„|.  Th^riinn. 

I 'n;-'- •-.•.'.  lin..  II.  In,-  -Tl,,.,,,.,.  i|„.v  .Mil,.,|  «,,ui!,  tu,,  ,|,u.     ,,.„,|,   /7„  „,.,• 
tl..!i..,;i,,l  l..,.,,,„„f!,,r.,nl  I.,,,!,.  I.,,.,t.      \,„,..-,,r.„. -I.;,,,'  ,,,„|    yy,,,,,,,,,/,/ 
I'm-v  .v..  muI...  lin,.  .-,,  ,/,/,  ••  |.-|.i^rn,  •■  .,,,,1   ..  ,,i^  „■  ,1^^^.  ,.    |.^^.      ^^^^1 

"'•"'"' ■•^'"'''  ■""''''''  ">i"'="  '"ii""-  ■■-r.'.iii,.''i„i;ti.  ;„i  :ti,  ii",..> 

I'iiyv  ...».  fur  „„„.  I.  .„l,Mih,t,.  t„l|,.vi„^-.     Tl,i.  !.ni,„  ,.-^  :,,,.    ,  ,|,r  .u.iinrs 
"'"•i"i"iiMttl„.  rnn..,l„.v,,l,in„.UM.  oninuMhruiiyl,  il.rpiv..,;  S..  r„n„  my 

''"""■ «'■  "^""''^'  'll"H|HMn,Mn>   1,MV,-   „..V,.,-    -iv..M  ,„n    ,A|,|;,„„|i f   ,|,U 

I.n<sntr,..  ul,irl,  „,    ,i,M   s,„n„l.  ,1,1M;>I,,      |{,„    |,v  ,vt,mM-  i„  Sri !,.,,,„  , 

work   MMl„.    I,MliMM>.v„|.  i.|,   s;;,.  ,,.   ,l„,|    ,|,„,„..|,    .MinMnnn,.,,!    u., 

'"■'""">  '"'l'l".v..l  iM  il,i>  ,,.v  Ml  ..,  x.r.v  .,,rlv  |„.n..,|.     s-l,,,,,!,-,.,,!!  vn  s 

tlNU  iMMnyu-,.n,.rMtiu,„.^.,,l„.M.i,v,.s   u>,.\   !,,>,■„    „|.  .  ,„„n.|   1. ,|„,'i„ 

tlirsKiiiuri,llMllini„l,aiMl  li;,MM-i,    „|«.liai.ul..  uhi,-|,    Ui,>  i,,.  I.^   ..,.,.,,,1 


WiirriMix.  iiiKJ  wlini  l(nHi;rlii  ilnwn  Muld 
cciiisicfniiiioii  iiiiii  ilciitli.     'I'hi-,  iiiikI, 


I'lily  iijiiiii  ji  o-|',)ii|i  III'  I 
^^il|•|■M|■l■.  liiis  lint  I 


till'  lii-i  tiirrr  hiiiiili'i'il   M'iirs,  I 


iifii  |irii(lui'i'i| 

•••'•11    |>l'llCtii-|.,|    f,,|- 


llliiiiit  ihr  iHTiiiil  lliiit   llic  N 


Hit      llltiy    hilNr     |ir,\ilillcl     .•lllliill;;-    ,   i| 


H'lliiiirii  uir,.  ill  .\iii>iirii. 


Tiltiv  •Jll.     IMilr    :i,   illlil  :     Wrl.l,'^     Islllli,!. 


vvlinll    lAI.-lrij   III    t! 


list    i-.'l 


ituiy,  was  |.i-..l.iilil_v  til'-   i-,'iiiiiii|,  ,,t    |>,,i|i;  (ii||„.|.,       •!■, 


IM'    till 


II-  i-|ip>r   III     ll 


NiiiitiirUrt  r, 


\"i.     I.     11.     .i.( 


iii'Tiv  cut  u,,  ,.|  ii,,.,v.    s  ■!■  .iA„-.v, '.v  r 


ll    u 


|i.    -Ld 


!i;!      w 


in|,||.    nl- 
'■.li'U'li 


ci'li'liiMP'l  Sali^iiii  {•■  I  .   Kii 


•III    I      I-      -IhiUII      ill      il,,.      .\||.,,      ,,|- 


fl'!l. 
Ill- 


.Vi- 


lli riiii-lia-    \i,!.  |i|    1,  s.- 


GENERAL    INTRODUCTION. 


TwmSSSSmmi 


PRE-COLUMBIAN    DTSCOVERY. 


(JENEHAL   INTRODUCTION. 

mSToHIC  FAXCIKS. 
iJcforc  tho  plains  oi  Europo,  or  evo.i  tlio  peaks  of  CI,,,,,, 
malai-io,  ,-oso  above  tlie  primeval  seas,  tl,o  Continent  of 
Amei-ica   onier^-ed  froni  the  wateiy  waste  that  oneirdod 
the  whok'  -lobe,  and  became  the  scene  of  animate  life. 
Tho  so-called  New  World  is  in  reality  the  Old,  and  bear, 
abundant   p,-ools  of  lioary  a-e.     IJnt   at   what   period  it 
became  the  abode  of  man  we  arc    unable   even   to  con- 
jecture.    Down  to  the  close  of    i.e  tenth  century  of  the 
Christian  era  it  liad  no  written  history.     Traces  of  a  rude 
eivdization  that  suggest  a  higli  antiquity  are  l)v  no  means 
wantmg.     Monuments  and  mounds  remain  that  point  to 
periods  the  contemplation  of  which  would  cause  Ch.-onos 
himselt    to  grow  giddy;  yet  among   all    these  g,-eat  and 
often  impressive  memorials  there  is  no  monumen*t,  inscrip- 
tion, or  sculptured  friojce,  that  solves  the  mystery  of  their 
origin.     Tradition  itself  is  dumb,  and  the  theme  chielly 
kindles  when  bi-ought  within  the  realm  of  imagination 
We  can  only  infer  that  age  after  age  nations  and  tribes 
continued  to  rise  to  greatness  and  then  tall  into  decline 
and  that  barbarism  and  a  rude  culture  held  alternate  sway' 
Nevertheless,   men   have   enjoyed    no   small    deijree' of 
satisfaction  m  conjuring  up  theories  to  explain  the  orbdn 
ot   the  early  races  on   the  Western   (Continent.     What  •, 
charm  linge,-s  around  the  supposed  trans-Atlantic  voyao-e's 
ot  the  ha.-dy  Phenician,  the  li,xM,-io„s  sailo.s  of  Tyre'  mTkI 


Xll 


PHIvCOMMBIAN   DISCOVKHV  OK 


hitor,  ol"   the  bold   l5iiS(iiK'.      Wliiit  stories  iiii^^lit  tin-  lost 
l»ictiuv-rccor(ls    of   Mexico  and    the  chroiiic'es  of  Diejiiie 
tell.     Now  we  are  presented  with    the   splendid  view  of 
o-reat  Heets,  tlie  vemnar.t  of  some  coiKiuered  race,  bearing 
across  the  ocean  to  re-create  in  new  and  unknown  hinds 
the   cities    and    monunients    they   were    forever    leavini;- 
behind:'   un<l    now  it  is  sinii»ly  the  story  of  some  storm- 
tossed  mariner  wlio  blindly  drives  across  to  the  western 
strand,  and  lays    the  foundation   of  empire.     Ai;ain  it  is 
thedevotee  of  mammon,  in  search  of  i^ainfr.l  traillc  or^-oldeii 
lleece.     How  romantic  is  the  picture  of  his  little  solitary 
bark  setting  out  in  the  days  of  lloman  greatness,  or  in  the 
si.lendid   age   of    CMiarlemagne,   sailing   trustingly    away 
between  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  and  tossing  towards  the 
Isles  of  the  r>lessed  and  the  Fountains  of  Eternal   Youth. 
In  time  the   Ultimo,   Tkuk  of  the  known  world  is  passed, 
and   favoring  gales  bear  the   merchant-sailor   to  new  and 
wondrous   lands.      We   see    him   coasting   the    unknown 
shores  passing  from  cajie  to  cape,  and  from  bay  to  inlet, 
gazii\g  upon  the  marvels  of  the  New  World,  tratUcing  with 
the  bronzed  Indian,  bartering  curious  wares  for  barbaric 
gold  ;  and  then  shaping  his  course  again  for  the  markets 
of  the  distant  E:ist  to  pour  strange  talcs  into  incredulous 
ears.     Still  this  may  not  be  all  taucy. 

TllK  SKA  OK  DAHKNKSS. 

In  early  times  the  Atlantic  ocean,  like  all  things  without 
known  bounds,  was  viewed  l)y  man  with  mixed  feelings 
of  fear  and  uwe.  It  was  called  the  Sea  of  Darkness.  Yet, 
nevertheless,  there  were  those  who  professed  to  have  some 
knowledge  of  its  extent,  and  of  what  lay  beyond.  The; 
c'arliest  reference  to  this  sea  is  that  by  Theopompus,  in  the 


'  Sv  .Iniii's  on  Till   7'i/riini  I'l  riml  nf  Aim  rim. 


AMKliK  A   HV   TIIK  NolM'UMKX 


Xlll 


Iniiitli  loiitui'v  l.cll.rc  tlic"  ('linstiiiii  era,  -iivi-ii  in  a  Ihiii-- 
iiK'iit  oCKliaii,"  wln'iv  a  vast  island  is  (k'Scril»c(i,  Iviiii,^  tar 
in  the  west,  and  iioojiled  by  straiiu'o  rnt-i's.  To  tliis  wc 
may  add  tin"  roti-renco  of  Plato-  to  the  island  calk-d 
Atlantis,  which  lay  west  of  the  Pillars  of  Hcrcnlos,  and 
^vIli(•h  was  ostiiiiated  to  he  laruvr  than   Asia  and  Africa 


cond»int'(l.  Aristotle  '  also  thoiiu'lit  that  many  other  lands 
existed  heyond  the  Atlantic.  Plato  supposed  tliat  the 
Atlantis  was  sunk  l»y  an  eartlM|iiake,  and  Crantor  savs 
le   same  ai-eonnt  related  bv  thi-  I'riesfs  of 


that  he  found  tl 

tSais  three  hundred  vears  after  the  t 


inie   ol 


Sol 


on.   I'rojii 


Avhom    tlie   ,i;-raiidfather  of  (^-itias    jiad    liis    information. 
Plato  says,  that  after  tlie  Atlantis  disapjicared  navi-iation 


was  ren<kMH'(l  too  dillicult  to  I 


>e  attempted    l»y  (he  slime 


which   resulted   from  the  sild^in^M)f  the  land.      It  is  proh- 


altle  that  he  had  in  mind  the 


immense  iields  of  driftin< 


sea-weed  found  in  that  locality,  and  which  Hundjoldt  esti- 
mates to  cover  a  portion  of  the  Atlantic  ocean  six  times  as 
hirge  as  all  Germany. 

It  is  thought  that  Homer*  oI)tained  the  i<lea  of  his 
Klysium  in  the  Western  ocean  from  the  voyages  of  tlie 
Pheiiieians,  who,  as  is  well  known,  sailed 


le 


loNvii,  sailed  regularly  to  tl 
IJritisli  Islands.  They  are  also  supposed  hy  some  to  have 
pushed  their  discoveries  as  far  as  the  Western  Continent. 
Cadiz,  situated  on  the  shore  of  Andalusia,  was  estahlished 
by  the  Tyrians  twelve  centuries  before  the  year  of 
Christ;  and  when  Cadiz,  the  ancient  (iadir,  was  full  tive 
Iiundred  years  old,  u  (Jreek  trader,  Cohens,  there  bou-lit 


rare  merchandise,  a  long  and  severe  ga 
his  ships  beyond  the  Pillars  of  Hercules. 


le  1 


laviiiiT  driven 


'  !'.//•   /list.,  lili.  Ill,  citii.  xviii. 

'■'Sec  I'liltci's  ('i'(liii.\  iiiid  '/'iiiiiiii.i. 

' /)<    .\fiiii)l„.  m\t.    III.     Sii'    /'rhir,    J/,  i,ri/  l/ii    .\iiri;/,it,,r.  r]\;\\,.  \]].    ],\- 
Miijor :   J/iiiuldii.  ISdS. 

'   Olll/.t.'ii  11     JHMlk     i\       I.    7li"). 


XIV 


IMUvCOlAMHlAN    IHSCOVKUV  OF 


•nil-:    IMIKNICIANS. 

Ill  tlio  ninth  contiiry  beibro  tlic;  (Miristiun  Era,  the  Plic- 
i>"K'iiins  had  cslaMisluMl  colonics  on  the  wcstoni  coast  of 
AlVira:  and  three  liundrcd  years  later,  accordin.i;-  to  JTcro- 
dolus,  IMiaraoh  Xcclio,  son  of  PeaniiMiticus,  sent  an  ex[>e- 
dition,  manned  hy  I'lienician  saih)i's,  aronnd  tlio  entire 
coast  of  Alrica.  Vivien  dc  St.  Martin  fixes  tlie  date  of  this 
expedition  at  TiTO  Itefore  Christ.  St.  Martin,  in  his  account 
of  tiie  voyajiC,  ini]»roves  slightly  upon  the  views  of  Carl 
Midler,  and  is  followed  l)y  Uoni^^ainville.'  This  voyai,^e, 
performed  hy  Ilanno  under  the  direction  of  Pliaraoh,  was 
inscribed  in  tlie  Punic  lan^uai-e  in  a  Carthai^a-nian  temi>le, 
being   afterwards   translated    into   (Sreek,   and    was   thus 

preserved. 

That  the  Canary  Ishmds  were  discovered  and  colonized 
])y  the  Phenicians,  there  need  l)e   no  doubt.     Tradition 
had  always  located  islands  in  tliat  vicinity.     Strabo  speaks 
of  the  Islands  of  the  Blessed,  as  lying  not  tar  from  Mauri- 
tania, opposite  (Jadir  or  Cadiz.     And  he  distinctly  says, 
"  That  those  who  pointed  out  these  things  were  ihe  Pltc- 
niri<ins,  who,  before  the  time  of  Homer,  had  possession  of 
the   best   part   of  Africa   and    Spain."-     And   when   wo 
remem])er  that  the  Phenicians  souglit  to  monopolize  trade, 
and  hold  the  knowledge  of  their  commercial   resorts  a 
secret,  it  is  not  surprising  that  we   should  hoar  nothing 
more  of  the  Fortunate  Tsles  until  about  eighty-two  years 
before  Christ,  when  the  Roman  Sertorius  met  some  Lusi- 
tanian  sailors  on  the  coast  of  Spain  who  had  just  returned 
from   the  Fortunate    Isles.      They  are    described  as  two 
delightful   islands,  separated  by  a   narrow  strait,   distant 


'Scf  I'li/ic,   III  lira  the  2si<rhjiilm\  p.  !l(t. 
-Stroho.  lili.  \\\.'-lHiitiiirli. 


¥ 


A.MKKICA   in    TIIK  NoHTIIMKN 


XV 


from  Africa  five  Imndivd  leiiiruos.  Twenty  years  after 
the  death  of  Sertoriiis,  tStatiiis  Sebosus  dre\vui>  "  t-liartof  ji 
.i^rou])  of  five  islands,  each  mentioned  l»y  name,  and  wliicli 
I'liny  ealls  tlie  Ilesperides,  inelndini;  the  Fortunate  Isles. 
This  me!ition  of  the  Canaries  was  sixtv-thrce  years  hefore 
Christ. 


i 


,1 


■irn.AS    F..\l>I<:i)ITI()N. 

When  ICini,^  Jnha  II  retnrne.l  to  Mauritania,  lie  sent  an 
expedition  to  the  Fortunate  Isles.     A  fracrnientof  the  narra- 
tives of  litis  expedition  still  survives  in  tlie  works  of  i»liny. 
Tliey  are  doserihed  as  lyin.<r  soutiiwest,  six  lumdrcd  and 
twenty-hvc  miles  from  J'urpurariie.     To  reach  them  from 
this  place,  tliey  first  sailed  two  iuindred  and  fifty  miles  west- 
ward and  then  three  hundred  and  seventy-<ive  nfiles  eastward, 
riiny  says:  "  The  first  is  called  Omhrios,  and  containi  no 
traces  of  buildings.     There  is  in  it  a  pool  in  tlie  midst  of 
mountains,  an<l  trees  like  ferules,  from  which  watei-  may 
bo  pressed,  which  is  bitter  from  the  black  kinds,  but  from 
the  light  kinds  pleasant  to  drink.     The  second  is  called 
Junonia,  an<l  contains  a  small  temple  built  entirely  of  stone. 
Near  it  is  another  smaller  island  having  the  same  name. 
Then    comes   Capraria,    which'  is   fulfof    large    lizards. 
Within  sight  of  these  is  ^'ivaria,  so  called  from  the  snow  and 
fogs  with  which  it  is  always  covered.     Xot  far  from  Niva- 
ria  is  Canaria,  so  called  on  account  of  the  great  number 
of   large   dogs   therein,  two   of  which    were    brought   to 
King  Juba.     There   were   traces   of    buildings    in"  these 
islands.     All  the  islands  abound  in  apples,  and  in  birds  of 
every  kind,  aiMl  in  palms  covered  with  <lates,  and  in  the 
l.iue   nut.     There    is   also    plenty  of  fish.     The   i.apynis 
grows  there,  and  the  sihinis  lish  is  found  in  the  rivers.'" 


I'liii.\s  .Wiliinil  Hist.,,  11   lih.  \  1.  ,M| 


XVl 


I'liKiOLIMUIAN    hISCoVKin    OK 


Tlu'  iiiitlior  of    rri'iin     J/iiiri/  Ihi    \tirl(/<ihr,^  siiys  that  in 
Omhrios,  wf  i('<-<>,uni/i'  the    I'lnvialiii  of  S»'l)()sus,     Coii- 
viillis  of  Scltosus,  in  I'lin.v.  l)ec'onK's  Xivaria,  tlu'  I'ouk  of 
Tcncritro,  wWu-h  lifts  itself  uf.  to  tin;   iniijostic   lH"i<i;ht  of 
nini'  tlioiisiind  foct.  its    siiow-caiiiicd  iiiiuiiulo  swiniiiir  t<> 
pit'i-.i'  tin-  sUv.     IMiiiiiiriii  is  (lisphurd  l.v  (^inariii.  wliich 
term   lirst  applied  to  tlii'  great  central   island,  now  gives 
the    nanu'    to    tlie    wliole   group,      (Mnltrios  or  IMuvialia, 
evidently  moans  the  island  of  I'alma,  whieli  had  "  a  pool 
in  tlie  midst  of  nioiintains,""  now  represented  hy  tiie  crater 
of  an    extinct  volcano.     This   tlie    sailors  of    King   Juhu 
evidently  saw.     Major  says  :    "  The  distance  of  this  island 
[Talma]  from  Fnortcventura,  agrees  witli  that  of  the  two 
hundred  and  fifty  miles  ijidicatod  hy  Juba's  navigators  as 
existing  between    Ombrios  and    the   Turpurariie.     It  has 
already  been  seen  tliat  tlie  latter  agree  with  Lanccrote  and 
Kuerteventura,  in  respect  of  their  distance  from  the  con- 
tinent  and  from  each  other,  as   described   by    riutaroh. 
That  the  Purpurariie  arc  not,  as  M.  ]Jory  de  St.  Vincent 
supposed,  the  Madeira  group,  is  not   only  shown  by  the 
want  of  inhabitants  in  the  latter,  but  by  the  orchil,  which 
supplies  the  [Uirplc  dye,  being  derived  from  and  souglit 
i;-,:-  especially  from  the  Canaries,  and  not  from  the  Madeira 
group,  although   it  is  to  be  found  there.     Jnnonia,"'    he 
continues,   "the  nearest  to  Ombrios,  will  be  Gomera.     It 
.may  bo  [)resumed  that  the  temple  found  therein,  was,  like 
the   island,  dedicated    to   Juno.    Capraria,  which  implies 
the    island  of  goats,  agrees  correctly  with    the   island  of 
Forro. .  .  .  for  these  animals    were   found    there  in  large 
numbers  when  the  island  was  invaded  by  Jean  de  liethen- 
court,  in    1402.     Ibit    a   yet    more   striking  proof  of  the 
identity  of  this  island  with  Capraria,  is  tb.e  account  of  the 
o-reat    nund)or   of    lizards   found    therein.      Uethcncourt's 


'  Sit  |i. 


A.MKl.MCA   l»V  'I'lIK  NcUnilMKN. 


XVll 


that  ill 
,  (V)ii- 
IV'iik  of 

/iLcht  (>r 

iiiiiiir  to 
I.  wliicli 
\v  tfivi's 
luvialia, 
"  il  pool 
11'  crator 
ii>'   JuUu 
is  island 
tlie  two 
^atois  as 
rt  lias 
rote  and 
the  coii- 
Mutarch. 
Vincent 
1  by  the 
il,  whieli 
1  sonii;ht 
Madeira 
nia,"'    he 


It 


iiera. 
was,  like 
1  implies 
island  of 
in  larii'e 
;  liethen- 
)f  of  the 
lit  of  the 
ieneonrt"s 


i 


4 


ehaplains,  (K.'scrihiiiii-  their  visit  to  (he  islands,  in  1402, 
state:  'There  ai'e  lizards  in  it  as  l»i<>-  as  cats,  Imt  (hey 
are  harmless,  althonn'h  very  hideous  to  look  at.  '  "  ' 

We  sec,  then,  that  the  navi<;ators  ot'  Jnha  visited  the 
Canaries- at  an  early  period,  as  Ntraho  testifies  was  the 
case  with  the  IMienieians,  who  doiilitless  Imilt  the  temple 
in  the  island  of  .Innonia.  And,  for  anuht  we  know, 
early  navii-'ator-;  mav  have  passed  over  to  the  Wi'stcrii 
contiiuMit  and  laid  the  foundation  of  thosL'  stram^c  nations 
whose  moniinu'iits  still  ri'inain.  Hoth  I'heiiieian  and 
Tyrlan  voyages  to  the  Western  Continent,  have  been 
warmly  advocated  ;  while  Lord  lvingsl)oi-ouw;li  published 
his  magnificent  volnmes  on  the  Mexican  Anti(piities,  to 
show  that  the  Jews  settled  this  continent  at  an  early  day.' 
And  if  it  is  true  that  all  the  tribes  of  the  earth  sprang 
from  one  central  Asiatic  family,  it  is  more  than  likiily 
that  the  original  inhabitants  of  the  American  continent 
crossed  the  Atlantic,  instead  of  pier"ing  the  frozen  n-gions 
of  till'  north,  and  coming  in  by  the  way  of  Belii'ing  Straits. 
From  the  Canaries  to  the  coast  of  Florida,  it  is  a  short 
voyage,  and  the  bold  sailors  of  the  Mediterranean,  after 


'  Pfiiii'i  II'  II  iji  the  Xiiriijiildi'.  p.  |;!T. 

-  AI'tiT  tliis  ini'iitioii  hy  I'liiiy,  till-  Ciuiarics,  ur  iMii'tiiiiiiti'   isles,  iwf  lust 
siirlit  ut'  lor  11  ])ri'ii)(l  of  tliirtcrii  liiiiHlnd  veins.     Ill  tlie  reitiii  of  Kdwiird 

III  ol'  iMliilaud,  ut  the  liejriliiiiiin-  of  tlie  fouiteeiitli  celltlin',  one  Holiert 
.Miicliiii  suileil  from  l?ristol  for  Fi'imce,  curryiiin-  mvuy  u  ludy  of  nuik,  who 
had  ehijied  with  him,  luid  was  driven  liy  a  storm  to  the  Canaries,  where  he 
hinded,  and  ihiis  redisi-oven-d  the  lost  Forlmiate  Isles.  This  fact  is  eiiii 
oiisly  estiihlished  liy  Major,  in  the  Ij'tfi  of  I'rinn  llnnii,  so  that  it  can  no 
loueer  h,'  ree;arded  as  an  idle  tale  (see  ])|i.  (KI-TT).  In  l:!tl,  a  voyaj^e  was 
also  made  to  the  ('aiiaries,  under  the  aiispices  of  Kino-  llenrvof  I'oriniral. 


Till'    report,  so    widely   circulated    hy     i)e    Bar 
rediscovered    hy    I'riiice   Henry    is    therefore 
reached  I'orto  Santo  and  Madeira  in  14IS-'J(I. 


ros,  that    the    islands    were 


incorrect. 


II 


is    ex 


pedit 


ion 


'  lie  also  speculates  ii) the  prohahility  of  this  continent   liavinji'  heeii 


visited  hv  Christ iaii  inissioiiarie; 


vol.  \i. 


41(1, 


XVIIl 


IM{K('<»MMHI.\N   IHSCOVKIM    OF 


toiicliiiii;  iif  lli(>  Cniiiincs,  need  only  sprciid  llicir  suIIm 
licrofc  tlic  stcii(ly-l»i(';itliiiii;'  liioiisooii,  to  tilld  tlicliisclvi'S 
walled  siilMy  lo  llic  wcslcni  sIkh'c, 


'I'UADITIoNS. 

Tlicrc  Wiis  cvoii  ii  Iriidilioii  llml  America  wiis  visiled  hy 
SI.  CoIiuiiIki,'  and  also  l»y  the  Aitostic  St.  Thomas,-  who 
l»eiictralc'd  even  as  liir  as  I'eni.  Tliis  o|miion  is  foiiiicU'd 
on  the  resend)lanee  existiiiir  hctwccii  ciTtain  rites  and 
(h)etrines  whicli  sriiii,  to  liave  been  held  in  common  liy 
Christians  and  the  early  iidial)itants  of  Mexico.  The  lirst 
Spanisli  missionaries  were  surprised  to  tind  the  Mexicans 
howiiiij^  in  adoration  hel'ore  the  tii^ure  of  the  cross,  and 
inferred  that  these  j)eo|ile  were  of  a  Christian  oriu'in.  Vet 
the  ini'ereiHH^  has  no  si)ccial  value,  wlien  we  i-ememher 
that  C;]n'istianity  is  far  less  ancient  tiian  tlie  symlx)!  of  the 
cross,  which  also  existed  amoni;-  the  Kpfyptians  and  other 
ancient  i)eople. 

Claims  have  also  been  made  for  the  Irish.  Broiighton 
l)rin_<,^3  forward  a  passag-e  in  wliieli  St.  Patrick  is  re[)re- 
sonted  as  sendiii<>-  missionaries  to  the  Tsles  of  America.'' 
Another  claim  has  been  urg-ed  of  a  more  i-espectable 
cliaracter,  which  is  sup})orted  1)y  str'kinir,  thou_y;h  not 
conclusive  allusions  in  the  chronicles  of  the  Xorth,in  wliich 
a  distant  land  is  spoken  of  as  "  Ireland  the  (ireat."'  Tlio 
Irish,  in  the  early  times,  might  easily  have  passed  over  to 
the  Western  continent,  for  which  voyage  they  undoubtedly 
had  the  facilities.  And  Professor  Rafn,  after  alluding  to 
the  well  known  fact  that  the  Northmen  were  preceded 
in    Iceland    l)y   the    Irisli,   says,  that  it  is  by    no  means 

'KiiiysbnrdiiM-irs  .]f(.fin(i/  Aiiti(/iiiti(s.  vol.  vr,  |).  '2s.-). 
-  Ibid.,  p.  ;'.:j2. 

'WotuiKflhiii  Bntiiuiiii-iim,  \)\k    l;{l-'2-IST-H.     The   fact    that  the  word 
Ann  n'ni  is  lii'fc  used,  seems  (|uite  sidiicielit  to  upse*  tile  leiicud. 


1 


AMKIMCA   IIV  'INK  NolM'IIMKN. 


XIX 


)Uji'liton 
ivpre- 
iierica.' 
octal  »lo 
ii'li    not 
will  el  I 
Tlio 
over  to 
iDtedly 
liiiiz:  to 
ecc'dcd 
means 


tlic  wiinl 


iniiH'oltaltle  fliat  tin-  Iri-li  slioiiltl  also  liavc  anl'ni|iat('(l 
tliein  in  America.  Tlie  Irish  wvw  a  sea-farini;  iienple, 
ami  Iia\('  l»i'en  assiiiiied  a  I'lu-nitian  nriyin  l»y  Moore  and 
others  who  have  examined  the  siiit'n'ct.'  If  this  is  so,  the 
tradition  wonid  appear  to  lie  some  what  streiiirfhenetl. 
Kven  as  early  as  the  ye:ii-  li'.MI,  the  Irish  are  said  to  have 
invaded  Denmark  with  a  larn'e  lleet.  In  :J!M),  Niall  made 
u  descent  upon  the  coast  ol"  liancashii'e  witii  a  coii- 
sidcrahle  navy,  when'  lie  was  met  hy  the  Uonnin,  Sti- 
lieho,  whose  achievements  were  ei'lehrated  hy  Clainjian 
in  the  days  of  the  Komaii  occupation  of  KiiLjIand.  At  that 
]»erioil  the  Irish  were  in  most  res|ieets  in  advance  of  the 
>«()rthnuMi,  not  yet  havinu;  tidlen  into  decjim',  and  ijnite 
as  iiki'iv  as  anv  i»eopIe  then  existinu'  to  Itravi'  the  danii'ers 
of  an  ocean  voyajje.-  The  lei'landic  floennients,  possihiy 
reforrinir  to  the  Irish,  will  he  ijjiven  in  ilieir  propei- place, 
and  in  the  meanwhile  it  nee<|  only  to  he  adde(|  that  the 
(piotation  triven  hy  Ucaniisli  t'rom  such  an  authority  as 
the  Txrhish  ,Spif  will  hardly  tend  to  striMiifthen  thciir 
elainis,  esjiecially  where  its  author,  dohn  Paul  Maraiia, 
says  that  in  Mexico  "the  iJritish  lanifuaii^o  is  so  pre- 
valent,"'   that    "the    very    towns,    lu-idi^es,    heasts,     hirds, 


'  Till'  Irisli  wrrt'  rarlv  kmiwii  ns  Si'cits,  hikI  O'llalliii'iiii  di  rives  ilir  niiiii«> 
from  Scuiii,  liiyli  priest  of  l'li<eiiiiis.  iiiitl  iiiieestur  i>\'  Mileseiiis. 

Me  (|ll<ii|lle  vieilis  lieremitem  tri'iitiliiis,  iiii|nit, 

Miinivit  Stilielio.     Tiitiini  cuiii  Scums  Irnicm, 
^Idvit  et  iiit'esto  s|miiiiivit  reiiiinc  TJiei  vs. 

Uy  liilll  (let'elidiMl,  wlieli  tlie  liciulihiirinu-  IkisIs 
or  wailike  imliniis  s|iriiicl  iilipii;,''  uur  <'nasis  ; 
When  Scots  caiiie  tlmutleriiijr  t'nuii  tlie  Irish  shures. 
Anil  the  wide  uceai)  t'oatued  with  iiiif.tile  oars. 
'■'S]icukiii^''  111'  Mritaiii  and  Ireland,  Tacitus  says  of  the  latter,  that   "the 
iili]iriiiiclies  and  harlini's  are  hetler  kiinwii.  hy  riasun  of  cdniiiierie  and   the 
merchants." — \'if.  Af/ii..  c.  'Jl.     The    li'ish,   dmilitless,    iiiinjrjed   with  the 
Carthajfeiiiaiis  ill  mercantile  traiisadidiis.  and  froin   iheni  tiny  not  unlikely 
received  the  rites  of  Drilidisiii. 


XX 


IMtKt  (H.IMIII.W    PlSCuVr.lt^    o|- 


i 


I'iwrs,  liills.  I'fc.,  iirc  tiillnl  liv  tin-  Uritisli  or  Wcldi  ' 
iiaiii«'.<<." -'  III  tnitli.  :is  the  \\'\<\\  is  so  often  liillicr  to  tin- 
tlioiiii'lit.  it  Would  III-  iiii  fa>y  lii>l\  to  liinl  rfsnnltliiiuc  in 
tlic  l!iiiu;ii!in«'s  of  ilif  iil>ori,>;iiit's  to  :iliiio>i  iinv  liiiiuiuii^i' 
lliiil  is  s|io|<fii  in  onr  tiny. 

I>iit  iiot\vitlistiin<lini;  tin-  /irnliuliillliis  of  ilir  cnsc,  \vt> 
liiivi'  no  >oritl  I'cjisoii  for  :ir»'f|itiiiii-  iiiiy  of  tlicst-  iillt'iicil 
voyim«'S  iis  liu'ls.  Miicli  liilioi'  has  Ih'cii  iii\t'ii  to  tin- 
siiltjt'ct,  yt'l  tlif  fiirlv  liisloi  V  of  llic  Anitriiiiii  (•(•ntinciit 
is  still  veiled  in  mystery,  and  not  until  near  the  close  of 
the  tenth  et'iitiiry  of  the  present  era  can  we  point  to  a 
"••enniiie  trans-Atlaiitie  voya^n'i'. 


'I'll!',    NoirrilMKN. 

The  lli'sl  voyni;e  to  America,  of  which  we  have  any 
account,  was  performed  hy  Xorthmen.  Miit  who  were  tlie 
Northnu'ii  ? 

The  Northmen  wi're  tin-  desceiKhmls  of  a  race  that  in 
early  timos  mitrrated  from  Asia  and  traveled  towards  tlu! 
north,  linally  sottliiiL?  in  what  is  now  the  kingdom  ot  l)eii- 
iiiaric.  From  thence  they  overran  Xorway  and  Sweden,  and 
aftei'wards  colonized  Feeland  aiitl  ( Jrei'iiland.  Tlieir  lan- 
iiiiage  was  llie  old  Hanisli  (/)lliis/c  li'iinjn)  owvv  spoken  all 
over  the  north,'  hut  Avliich  is  now  preserved  in  Iceland 
alone,   heing    called    the    Tcolandie    or   old    Xorth,'  upon 


-J 


'As  till'  ll'iuliliiPii  (if  11  Wclrli  VdVilji'r  In  AllKiii'li  lIlKlcr  I'l'incc  Miidiic, 
relates  to  a  iirriml  J'o//oiriiii/  tlic  Ifclaiulif  voyaycs,  tin'  autimr  dcirs  not 
(Icftii  it  iii'ci'ssary  to  discuss  tlic  siihjcct.  Tliis  voyayc  l)y  the  son  ot'Oweii 
(Jwyiictli,  is  tixcd  for  tlif  year  1 170,  and  is  l)ascd  im  u  Welch  clii'oniclc  ot 
no  aiitliority.     See  J/iic/,/>/i/f,  vol.  iii.  p.  1. 

-  TnrliNi  S/ii/,  vol.  viii.  p.  t.V,). 

•' See  "  Nortliiiien  ill  Iceland."  .S'"'/iV('  (hx  A  iilii/'iiiir(  ■•<  'III  .\<iril.  S,  diin 
ihi  It  Mili  1H.-|!I.  pp.  fJ-1  t. 

'  It  is  soiiii'linies.  tliouo^li  iinpi'operly,  calle<l  the  Nui'xi . 


V 

I 


AMKUliA    in     IIIK   NoltTIIMr.N 


xxi 


SV.lrli  ' 

to  the 

iiiHf  ill 

iiiiiiia;^c' 

ilUi'.irt'il 

til    tho 

)iitiiit'iit 

close  ol' 

iiit   to  a 


wlilcli  is  r<>mitlt'(l  tlic  iiiodcni   Swcdisli,  Danisli  anil   Norse 
or  Xoi'wen'ian, 

vMter  till"  Xortliiiieii  liad  |tu-lni|  on  iVoni  heiiinark  to 
N'oruav,  the  eoiiditioii  of  |iultlie  allaiis  uradiiallv  heeain«i 
siieh  that  a  lariji'  |i()i'tioii  ol'  the  lieiter  elasses  toiiiid  their 
lite  iiitiderahle.  Ill  the  relLTii  <>r  Harold  llai'l'au:r  (the 
Kair-haired),  an  attempt  was  made  \>\  the  kiiii;-  to  deprive 
the  petty  Jarls  of  their  ancient  iidal  or  I'eiidal  riiihts.  and 
to  usurp  all  aiitiiority  lor  the  crown.  To  this  the  proud 
jarls  Would  not  siihmit ;  and,  reelinu' themselves  dei;i'a«led 
in  the  ey«'s  ol"  their  i-etainers,  they  resolved  to  leave  those 
lands  and  h(»mes  which  they  coiihl  now  hardly  call  their 
own.      Whither,  then,  should  they  yo  r 


lavi'  any 
^vero  the 

that  in 
anls  the 

of  l)*'n- 

leii,  and 

leir  laii- 

lokeii  ail 

Iceland 

I,'    111)011 


licr   Mador, 

W  ilui'S  not 

lili  iif  Owen 

hi'iin'Hli'  111 


lull.  •*''  I'l"'' 


TIIK  COLoNI/ATIoN  ol"  KKLAND. 

In  the  cold  nortli  sea,  u  little  below  the  arctic  circle,  lay 
a  <iivn\  island.  As  early  as  tlie  year  8tio,  it  had  heen 
made  known  to  the  Xorthmeii  by  a  Dane  of  Swedish 
descent  named  (Jardar,  wlio  called  it  <lardar"s  island, 
and  four  years  later  hy  the  [drate  Xadodd.  who  sailecl 
thitlii'r  ill  S(!4  and  called  it  Siiowlaiid.  rresentinu,-  in  the 
main  tlii'  form  of  an  irreijfular  elipse,  this  island  occupies 
Jill  area  ol'  ahoiit  one  hiiii<lred  and  thirty-seven  s(|uare 
miles,  atibrdiiig  the  dull  diversity  of  valleys  without  ver- 
dure ami  mountains  without  trees.'  Di'solation  has  there 
fixed  its  abode.  Ft  broods  amonu;  the  di'lls,  and  looks 
down  u|)oii  the  gloomy  tiords.  The  country  is  thrcadeil 
with  streams  and  dotted  with  tarns,  vet  the  tJ-eo|o;>-ist  tinds 
but  little  evidence  in  the  striieture  of  the  earth  to  point  to 
the  action  of  water.  On  the  otlu'r  hiiiid,  every  ixtck  and 
hillside  is  covered    with    siirns    that   prove    their  iyneous 


'  111  tlic  time  wlii'ii  the  Irisli  iiiuiiks \i|>iiMl  tlic  island,  it  is  said  that    it 

was  "  cdvcrcd  with  woods  lictwi'cn  tlic  iiioiintaius  and  tln'  sliorrs.  " 


XXll 


i'i?Kr<)i,rMni.\x  discovkhv  of 


origin,  and  iiidicati'  tliat  tlio  oiitin'  island,  at  soint'  distant 
period,  has  already  soothed  and  hulthK'd  in  tiu'  torvont 
lu'at,  in  antiri|)ati(>n  ot"  tlu'  lonu"  promised  PiiliiKji  nc<i(i. 
V.xvw  now  the  yronnd  treiiihles  in  the  throes  ol"  ihe  i-arth- 
(|uaki',  the  (Jevser  s[)outs  sealdinu,'  watei-,  and  the  plain 
heh'hes  inud:  wliih'  the  i;"reat  jokull,  clad  in  wliite  robes  of 
eternal  snow  —  true  priest  of  Orniu/.d — lu'andishes  alott 
its  volcanic  torch,  and  threatens  to  he  the  incemliarv  ot" 
the  skv. 

The  u'reati'r  portion  of  the  land  forms  tlu'  liomesti-ad  of 
tlu'  reindeer  and  tlu-  fox,  who  share  their  (U)niain  with  the 
tx'casional  white  hear  that  may  tloat  over  from  CJri'cidand 
on  sonu-  herii'.  Only  two  (pia(h'Upeds,  the  {'ox  and  the 
nuH)se,  are  in(li<;-enoiis.  Lite  is  here  purchased  with  a 
struii'ijle.  Indeed  the  ueiijhhoring  ocean  is  more  hospitable 
than  the  dry  laiul,  for  of  tlu'  thirty-four  s[)t'cies  of  mam- 
undia  twenty-four  tind  their  food  in  the  roaring-  main. 
The  same  is  ti-ue  of  the  feathered  tribes,  tifty-four  out  of 
ninety  beiuii'  v/ater  t'owl.  Here  and  tlu're  may  be  seen 
patches  ot"  meadow  and  a  tew  sheei»  [tastures  and  tracts  of 
arabh>  hnul  warmed  into  fruit  fid ness  by  the  brief  summer's 
sun  ;  yet,  on  the  whole,  so  poor  is  the  soil  that  man,  like 
the  lower  orders,  must  eke  out  a  scanty  subsistence  by 
resortiui;'  to  the  sea. 

It  was  towards  this  land,  which  \\w  settlers  called  /-(- 
land,  that  thi'  proud  Xorweu-iau  jarl  turned  his  eyes,  and 
then' he  i-esolvcil  to  t'ound  a  home. 

The  first  scttlei'  was  Inn-oIl'.  IFe  api)roaclic(l  the  coast 
in    till'  vear    S7.'),    threw    overbi)ard     his    seat-posts,'    and 


■48 


'  S.  txtii/:.  ' r.  'fill's  '  wi'i'c  wiMiiirii  |>ill;ifs  cai'vcil  witli  iiiiiiyi's  iisumIIv  ot' 
'I'luir  lUliI  (Mill.  Ill  Si'Ic'Cliliy  :i  plucr  tor  a  srUlrllimt  tlirsc  wrrr  tlllllji' 
(ivi'riiiiiinl,  iind  wluTrvrr  ilicv  wimt  thrown  \\\i  mi  llir  hracli.  llirrc  the 
s'ttliiii'iit  was  til  lir  tnriiiril.  liio-iilt',  tln'  lirsl  Norsi'  sritli'i'  "I'  Icflaiid. 
lust  siulii  lit'  till'  s, 'at  posts  al'tcr  tln'v  wi'i'c  tlii'owii  into  tin'  watiT,  ami  was 
oliliocil  to   livi'   tor  llic  spaci'  of   llii'ri'   vcai's  at    liiuoH'sliot'di.      In  aiiotlicr 


AMKHICA   HV  TIIK  NOUTIIMKN. 


XXllI 


or- 

tll- 

)  on 

0 


waited  to  sri>  thoin  toiu'l.  the  liui.l.     VnU  in  tins  lio  wi,s 
Wisiippointod,  and  tlioso  sacivd  eolimins,  camMl  with  the 
imaovsof  till'  o-o.Is,  drifted  awav  from  sio-ht.     He  i.ev.. 
theless  hnuled    on    a    pleasant   promontory   at  the  soutii 
eastern  extremity  of  the  island,  and  ])nilt  h'is  habitatioi.  .. 
the  spot  whieh   is  eaUed  ln--olfshof.!i  to  this  dav.     Thre 
years  after,  his  servants  tWnnd  the  seat-posts  in  the  south- 
western   part  of  the  island,  and  hither,  in    ol.edienee  to 
what  was  held   to  he  the  expivssed    wish  of  the  -ods,   Ju' 
removed    is  household,   layin-  the  foundation  ..f^  Keikia- 
vik,   the    eapilal  of  this   iee-hound   isle.      ITe   was  rapidly 
iMloued  l,y  others,  and  in  a  short  time  no  ineonsidcrahle 
populaiion  was  o-athered  her*'. 

I5ut  the  first  settlers  .lid  not  find  this  harren  eountrv 
entirely  destitute  of  human  hein-s.  Ari  Frode,'  thaii 
whom  there  is  no  hio-jier  authority,  says:  >' Theii  were 
iicTe  Christian  people,  wlumi  the  Xorthmen  ealled  [.apas, 
hut  they  afterwards  went  away,  heeause  thev  woul.l  not  i.J 
here  anion- heathens  :   and  left  behind  them    [risl,   hooks, 

'•'>- a  s,.,H,.r  ,lid  MM,  tiiul  Inspnsts  for  ^.J,,  v,,ns,u.v.T,lH.l.ss  InM.hMM,...! 
;-.""•'';  'I""'-  '■•  l-itl.-rs  Sa^.,(AMu.n..a,M..li,i.„o  ..,,„,  ,„.,,,  is^v,. 
IukI  III.'  tolldwiiijiiilliisi.Mi  :  11. 

•••nM-o...l.  ,1„.  ulM.l..  l,.,,„i,  „ni,..l,all  .l„„u.  (or,h  ,1„.  ,,..hl..  „rnaU  «,„„| 
l.r.-l.in'  Hum  s,.,.|,  and  ,,„li.lu.,l :  ,1,,.  pillars  twain  oC  tl„.  hi-l,  m..,..       ' 
sto,ul  .,,,  ,.a,-|>  M.U.  .I„.r..nr;  ,«„  ,.„|s  ,Kv|,  ..anv.l  ,„„  .,l>.|n,  w.kkI  • 
<"""  «  HI,  ^lan,>.  „f  ,  U|„..  ,„.,  ,..,„,  „  .„,  ,1,^,  ^,,,,  ,,,^  ,^.^  |._^,,_^^_^|  ., 

■An    llinn    l.>,„,..,   .,,   „„.    Wis,..     Th,.    .hi.f  ..,„„,il,.,.  of    „„.    ,,„„„„ 

/"'"''"'   ""  '""'^-  ^^■''''■''  '•""•-'-  "  '"'1  '-vnuM,  .,.•  ;,11   ,1 ,,|v   s,.„l,.,.s  i„ 

IM     I,  isor,h..snnH.,.l,nn,..„.,.,  , ..),  vnsilv  s,„„.,.i,„.  i..',],,.  K lisl, 

''""'":'"''  ''"■''■■  '""'  '^  '"'"'-''b-  >!..■ s,  ..,„u,.l..,..  nrnnl  uf.lu.  ki,„lTv,.r 

inadr  \\\  aii_\  naiidii, 

'•  .■miain>  il,r   nanic's  ..f  ;|()(Mt    ,„.rsons,  and    I,|(I(|    ,,1,,,.,..      I,    „.iv,.s  ., 
'•'"■••'•'■•    '•'•'•'"""   '"•  '1...  ^..n,.al„;rirs  .,f  ,|„.  .aniili.s,  au.1    l,ri,.|'   noU,.,.  ,ir 

'"■''""'"'  "'•I'i"^-"""'"'^-     It  "MS  l„.^u„  hy  Fr,,.!,.  , ,,  „Mi:.  .,:..,,  , ,  ,^,  ,,,,,, 

was   ,.,,,„i„u,.,l    l,y    Isals,,...    S.vnn,.,-   an,!    Thnnls,-,,. ,|,|,,„;,   ,„ 

Haul;   Krlaiulsnn,   l,aon,„„,  „,  ,i„v,.ruur  of  l,vhu„l.  wl,„   .li,.,|  i„   ,|„.  v,.,'. 


I  :!•■!(. 


.^m 


XXIV 


I'HIvCOIJMHIAN   DISCoVKin    (»r 


and  bolls,  and  erozicr.s,  troiii  which  it  could  bo  ^*con  that 
they  were  Trisluncn.'"  IIo  repeats  substantially  the  same 
thiui,'  in  the  Linx/nitai/ia  Book,  the  authority  of  which,  no 
one  ac(iuaintod  with  tlie  subject,  will  question,  addini;-  that 
books  and  other  relics  were  found  in  the  island  of  l*apoy 
and  J*aj)y!i,  and  that  the  circumstance  is  also  uieutioned 
in  Eiii^lish  books.  The  Ent^lish  writiiiiis  referred  to  are 
those  of  the  \'enerablo  Jiede.  This  is  also  stated  in  an 
edition  of  King'  Olaf  Trycrgvesson's  Saga,  made  near  the 
end  of  the  fourteenth  century.' 

The  monks  or  Culdoes,  who  liad  come  hither  from 
Ireland  and  the  Isles  of  loua,  to  be  alone  with  (lod,  all 
took  their  departure  on  the  arrival  of  the  heathen  fol- 
lowers of  Odin  and  Tlior,  aiul  the  Northmen  were  thus 
left  in  undisputed  possession  of  the  soil.  In  about  twenty 
years  the  island  became  quite  thickly  settled,  though  the 
tide  of  immigration  continued  to  How  in  strongly  for  fifty 
years,  so  that  at  the  beginning  of  the  tenth  century  Ice- 
land possessed  a  population  variously  estimated  tVom  sixty 
to  seventy  thousand  souls.  But  few  undertook  the  voy- 
age who  were  not  able  to  buy  their  own  vessels,  in  which 
they  t-arried  over  their  own  I'attle,  and  thralls,  and  house- 
hold goods.  So  great  was  the  nundjer  of  people  w1k>  left 
Norway  at  the  outset  that  King  Harold  tried  to  prevent 
emigi'ation  by  royal  authority,  though,  as  might  have 
been  predictt'(l,  his  efforts  were  altogether  in  vain.  Here, 
tluTcforc,   was    formed   a    large   coniniunitv,    taking    the 


-•* 


'" 'I'liiis  siiiili  tlif  Imly  jirirst  BcmIc 'I'lifrcfcirt'  lciiiiH'<l  men  lliiiik  tliiit 

ii   is  liM'liUid    wliicli   is   cidlcd  'riiiilc lint    tlic  IkiIv  prifst  Hide  died 

iMcxwv.  yciirs  alter  the  i)ii'tli  of  uiii'  Lord  .Icsiis  Clirist,  iiiorc  iliun  a 
liiiiidii'd  years  lict'oi'i'  Icchiiid  was  inliul)it('il  liy  tlic  Northiiirn." — Aiifif/ni- 
tiilis  Aim  ririiint .  p.  'ii\'l.  This  extract  is  tollowed  by  tiie  stateiiieiit  ot'Ari 
I" rode,  and  sliows  that  tlie  hlsli  Christians  retired  to  Iceland  at  a  very 
early  day.  Tlie  Irisli  nioidv  Diciiil  also  refers  to  this  solitary  island, 
which,  alioiit  the  year  ('.*.'),  was  visited  by  some  monks  with  wIkhii  he 
had  conversed. 


^1 


A.MKIiICA   in    TIIH  NORTIIMKN. 


!«ri.'ll     tllllt 

i 

^ 

•  the  same 

wliicli,  iio 

'.' 

IdinU'  tliat 

,''- 

of  l*apey 

t;: 

neiitioned 

.1 

red  to  are 

tx'd  ill  ail 

-, 

near  the 

; 

thor   froni 

1 

1  (jod,  all 
atliou  fol- 
u'ere  thus 
ut  twenty 
lOUgll  tlio 
y  for  fifty 
itury  Ice- 
froni  tsixty 
the  voy- 
,  ill  which 
11(1  hoiise- 
'  who  left 
o  prevent 
ight  have 
n.  Here, 
Lkiiig    the 

I'll  lliink  tliiit 

St   Hide  (lied 

iiiiirc  ilian  ii 
." — Aiitiijiii- 
ciiiciit  lit'  Ai'i 
1(1  lit  ii  very 
itarv  islimd, 
ill  whom  lu' 


XXV 

n 


shape  of  an  aristocratic  repul)lie,  wliieh  framed  its  ow 
laws,  and  for  a  lon.i--  time  maintained  a  <,a'nuine  independ- 
ence, in  opposition  to  all  the  assumptions  and   threats  of 


the  Norwegian  king. 


THE  SKTTI.KMKNT  (,'F  (;1?I:i:NI,AXI). 

r.ut  as  time  passed  on,  the  people  of  Iceland  felt  a  new 
impulse  for  colonization  in   sti-angc  lands,  and  the  ti(h'  of 
emigration    hegan    to    tend    towards    Greenland    in    the 
west.     This  was  chietly  inaugurated  hy  a  man  named  Eric 
tlie   Ked,   horn  in  JS'orway  in   the  year  *o'6b.     On  account 
of  manslaughter,  he  was  ohliged  to  flee  from  Jardar  and 
take  up  his   uhode  in  Iceland.     Tha   date  of'  removal   to 
Iceland  is  not  given,  though    it  is  said  that  at  the  time 
the  island  was  very  generally  inhahited.     Here,  however, 
he  could  not  live  in  peace,  and  early  in  the  year  \)&1,  he 
was  again  outlawed  for  manslaughter  hy  the  puhlic  Thnh-- 
and  condemned  to  hanishment.     He  accordingly  fitted  out 
a  shi[),  and  aiinoimced  his  determination  to  go  in  search 
of  the  land  lying  in  the  ocean  at  the  west,  which,  it  was 
said,  Gunnhiorn,'  IJlf  Krage's  son,  saw,  when,  in  the  year 
87<J,  he  was  driven  out   to   sea  hy  a  storm.     Eric  sailed 
westward  and  found  land,  where  he  remained  and  explored 
the  country  for  three  years.     At  the  end  of  this  period  he 
returned  to  Iceland,  giving  the  newly  discovered   land  the 
name  of  Greenland,-' in  order,  as  he  said,  to  attract  settlers. 


'All  llu-  intnnniuinM  wlu.'h  w,.  p.ss.ss  r.laiinn.  ,„  tlir  ,lis,M,v,.ry  l,v 
<imn,hinrn  is  jriv.n  in  thr  l„„|y  of, his  u„,k,  in  rx,rar,s  n-,.n>  Lau.hununu 
bilk. 

■M'hu.,lirisClins!o|,'„.ss.n,  th'a.nlMrofsm.,'  Danish  vitsi's  ivlatin-r  to 
thr  history  of  (;r,...nlanl.  si.|.|,o..s  ilu.i  ( ir,.,.nland  was  ,liscov,.,v,|  in^tlir 
yrar  rro,  thouu'h  hr  M-av.'  no  v.-A  reason  r,,r  his  hrii.-f.  .1/.  I>,  ,,,■,,;  ajs, 
trlls  us  of  a  i'apa!  iJiill,  issi,,.;!  in  s:;.-,,   hy  (iiv-ory    JV,  which  nf^Ts  „,   ihr 

'^•'"^■'•'•^' "■''"•  '••■•1^'"  l^"'-''"'!  <''v.'nlan,hTs.      V,.,  ,his  is  l„.y„n.|  ,|n:.s,ion 

II 


XXVI 


PHKCCtr-CMKIAN   DISCOVKUV  OK 


wlio  would  be  favoraldy  impressed  by  so  pleasing  u 
naiiie. 

The  suminoi-  after  liis  retiii-n  to  reelaiul,  lie  sailed  oiiee 
more  lor  (Jreeiilaiid,  takiiiij:  witli  liiiii  a  fleet  of  thirty -five 
sliips,  oidy  fourteen  of  wliieh  reaehed  their  d.estiuation, 
the  rest  beiii<!;  either  driven  back  or  lost.  This  event  took 
jtlaee,  as  the  Saga  says,  fifteen  winters '  l)efore  the  intro- 
duction of  Cliristianity  into  Iceland,  which  we  know  was 
acconiplislied  in  tlie  year  A.  1).  10(10.  Tlie  date  of  Erie's 
second  vovai-'e  must  tlu'refore  be  set  (hnvn  at  iiho." 

But,  before  proceedinj^  to  the  next  step  in  Icelandic 
adventure,  it  will  be  necessarv  to  i^ive  a  brief  sketch  of 
tlie  pi'Oijress  of  the  (Jreeidand  colony,  together  \vith  a 
relation  of  the  circumstances  which  led  t*-  its  final  extinc- 
tion. 


TIIK  IMJ(»(il{i;SS(»l''TIlK  (ilJKKM.AM)  CoLoNIKS. 

There  is  but  little  continuity  in  the  history  of  tlic 
Icelandic  occupation  of  (ireenland.  We  have  already 
seen  that  the  second  voyag'e  of  Eric  the  Ked  took  place  in 
the  year  HSo.  Colonists  ai»pear  to  have  followed  liini  in 
considerable  numbers,  and  the  best  portions  of  the  land 
were  soon  approjiriated  l)y  the  i»riuci])al  men,  who  g-ave 
the  chief  bays  and  capes  names  that  indicated  the  occu- 
pants, following"  the  example  of  Kric,  who  dwelt  in  Hrat- 
tahlid,  in  Ericsfiorch 

In  the  vear  !•!•!•,  licif,  son  of  Eric,  sailed  out  to  Xorwav 
and  iiassed  the  winter  at  the  court  of  Kini"-  Olaf  Trvii-gves- 
son,  where  he  accepted  the  Christian  faith,  which  was 
tlien   beiuii'  zealously   pi-opagated    by  the  king.     He  was 


1 


a  iViuid.     (iumiliiiini  was  iinilniihtrdly  tlie  first  to  j^aiii  a  ^;liiii|s<' nC  (Ircrii 
land. 

' 'I'lic  Niil'tlillicn    rrcUniii'd  liy  iriatiis. 

•Sic  iIh'  Sa;ia  iif   I'"rii'  llir  I'rd. 


AMKIMCA  HV  TlIK  NoliTIIMKN. 


XXVII 


lilod  oil  CO 
tliirty-fivo 
cstiiiatioii, 
'voiit  took 
tlie  intro- 
kiiow  was 
>  of  Eric's 
)." 

Icelandic 

sketch  of 

-T    \vitli  u 

lal  cxtiiic- 


KS. 

y  of  tlio 
)  already 
;  place  in 
1  liim  ill 
the  land 
vho  gave 
tlie  (iccu- 
in  IJrat- 

Xorway 
■"rvii'o'ves- 
liich  was 

He  was 

<!'  iif  (irccii 


accordiiiu'ly  haiiti/.cd,  and  when  the  sinniii;  returned  the 
kiiiij    reijuested    him    to    undertake     the    introduction    of 
Christianity  in  (Jreenland,  iirLcin^^  the    consideration  that 
no  man  was  better  (lualitied  for  the  task.     Accordingly  he 
set  sail  from   Xorway,  with   a  priest  and  several  members 
of  the  religious  order,  arriving  at  Urattahlid,  in  (ireen- 
land,     without    any    accident.'       His    pagan     father    was 
im'cnsed  by  the  bringing  in  of  the  Christian  priest,  which 
act  he    regarded  as  preguant  with   evil;   yet,  after  some 
jicrsuasioii  on  the  part  of  I.cif,  he  renounced    heathenism 
and   nominally  acceptetl    Christianity,  being  baptized  by 
the  priest.     His  wife  Thorhild  made  less  opposition,  and 
ap[)ears  to  have  received  the  new  faith  with  much  williny-- 
ness.     One  of  her  first  acts  was  to  build  a  church,  which 
was  known    far  and  wide   as  Thorhild's  church.-     These 
■examples   appear  to  have  been    very  generally  followed, 
and  Christianity  was  adopted  in  both   Iceland  and  Creen- 
huid   at  about   the    same    i»eriod,-'  though  its    acceptance 
did  n(»t   immediately  produce  any  very  radical  change  in 
the  spiritual  life  of  the  i»eople.     In  course  of  time  a  num- 
ber of  churches  were    ])uilt,  the    ruins  of  which  remain 
down  to  our  own  day. 

In  tlie  year  lUO:},  the  Oreenlandcrs  became  Iributary  to 
Norway.  The  principal  settlement  was  formed  on  the 
western  coast,  and  what  was  known  as  the  eastern  district, 
<lid  not  extend  larther  than  thesoulliern  extremity  towards 

"i'lic    stilt. ■innit,   foiiiiil    ill    srvrnil    |,l;i,',.s,  tlmt    h,'    ilismv.Trd    N'iiilnii.j 

wiiijc  oii  his  way  to  (iivciilainl.  is  in.^unvci.     'I'lic   full  a .iim  ,,f  hi^  vny- 

a<ri's  shows  that  liis  Viiilaiid  voyayr  was  an  ciitiivly  scparat.'  thiiiy. 

-"i'lie  aiitliiir  ilrsiyiis  slii.riiy  Id  rr\vr  some  full  a imt  of  tlircarlv  Clirisi. 

iaiiity  on  tlie  \V. ■stern  ('(nitiiicnt  in  a  srparatr  worl;.  now  well  ailvanccil 
towards  .•omiilction.  It  will  iin^Iudr  JM.tli  the  /'/>  an,l  /'-«/ Colnnihian 
•  ■I'as. 

"fiissiir  thr  Whitr  and  Ilialtc  went  on  the  same  ci'nm.l  to  Icrland  in 
the  year  1(100,  when  the  n-w  reliirion  was  forinallv  inlopted  at  the  |„ildie 
'I'hnie-. 


XXVIll 


I'lnvColJMHIAN   DISCOVKWV  «)!•' 


Ciipc!  Farewell,  For  ii  lono'  tiiiu'  it  was  supposed  that 
tlie  east  district  Mas  located  on  the  t'asterii  coast  of 
(Jreeniaiid;  hut  the  rcscaiches  ol"  Captain  (Jraah,  whose 
expechtion  \\ru\  out  uuih'r  tin-  auspices  of  tiie  Danish 
^i<;overuineiit,  provi-d  very  c-(inchi>;',  cly  that  no  settlcnu'iit 
ever  existed  on  the  eastern  sliore,  ^vhich  for  centuries  has 
remained  ])Iocked  up  \>y  vast  aci-umuhitions  of  ice  that 
lloated  <h)wn  from  tlie  arctic  seas.  In  early  times,  as  we 
are  informed  hy  the  Sayas,  tlu'  eastei'ii  coast  was  more 
aeeessihle,  yet  the  western  shores  were  so  sujierior  in  tlu'ir 
attractions  tliat  the  colonist  tixed  his  liahitation  there. 
Tlie  site  of  the  eastern  settlement  is  that  included  in  the 
modern  district  of  Julian's  Hope,  now  occupied  hy  a 
Danisli  colony.  The  western  settlement  is  represented 
hy  the  luihitation  of  Frederikshah,  Uodthaah,  Sukkertop- 
pen  and  llolsteinhorg. 


THE  ()l{(i.\NIZ.\TI(>\  OI'^  TllK  ('Ill'HCII. 


In  process  of  time  the  Christians  in  Greeidand  multijilied 
to  such  an  I'xten*^,  hoth  hy  conversions  and  hy  the  innni- 
i^ration  from  Teelantl,  that  it  was  found  necessary,  in 
till'  lie<i,-imnnu'of  the  twelfth  century  to  take  some  measures 
tor  the  hettei'  li-ovei'ument  of  the  church,  especially  as 
they  could  not  ho})e  much  for  reii'ular  visits  from  the 
hisliops  of  Iceland.  They  therefore  re^:olved  to  make  an 
eii'oi't  to  secure  a  l)isliop  of  their  own.  Eric  (ilnnpson,  of 
Iceland,  was  selected  for  the  olKce,  and  proceeded  to 
Greenland  ahout  the  year  1112,  without  heing'  reu'ularly 
consecratcch  lie  returned  to  Iceland  in  1120,  and  after- 
wards went  to  Denmark,  where  he  was  consecrated  in 
Lund,  hy  Archhishoi*  Ad/.er.  ^'l't  he  [>ro1)al)ly  ni'ver 
returned  to    his    (hities    in    lireei\land,    hut    soon    after 


A.MHHICA   HV  TlIK  XOIMIIMKN. 


XMX 


ipposod  tliiit 
rn  coast  of 
I'aali,  whose 
tlic  Danisli 
1  sfttlcmeiit 
oiituries  Las 
of  icu  thaf 
iiiK's,  as  wo 
t  was  more 
I'ior  ill  their 
atioii  tliere. 
uled  ill  the 
Lipied  by  a 
represented 
Sukkertop- 


lmulti[ilied 
the  iniini- 
icessarv,  in 
le  iiieasiu'i's 
specially  as 
i  from  the 
o  make  an 
Jiinpsoii,  of 
oeecded  to 
2;  reii'uhirly 
and  after- 
seerated  in 
ably  never 
soon    after 


resigned  tliat  bisliopric  and  accepted  aiiotlier,'  thus  b-av- 
in--'  Cii-eeiihuid  without  a  spiritual  director. 
^  In  the  year  112:5,  Sokke,  one  ,.f  the  principal  men  of 
(ireenland,  assembled  tlic  people  and  represented  to  them 
that  both  the  welfare  of  tlie   Christian  taith  and  their  cwn 
honor  demanded   that   (bey  should   follow  the  example  of 
■  other  nations  and  maintain  a  bishop.     To  this  view  they 
.i,^ave  their  unanimous  approval;    and  Einar,  son  of  .Sokke, 
wiis  appointed  u  dele^ite  to  the  court  of  Kin..-  Sio-nn],  of 
^^orway.     lie   carried  a  present  of  ivory  an.f  iuv,  and  a 
petition  i;.r   the  appointment  of  a    bishop.     His  mission 
was  successful,  and   in  the  year  lli>(;   Arnald,  tlie  suc<-es- 
sor  of  Eric,^  came  into  (ireenland,  and  set  up  the  Kpisci.pa! 
scat  at    Gar.lar.''     Torfauis   and   Baron    JJolberi;,'  -ive  u 
list  of  seventeen  bishops  who  ruled  in  Greenlam],  rndii.... 
with   An(b-ew.      The    latter    was   consecrated    and    weid: 
thither  in  1408,  beino-  never  lieard  of  afterwards. 

The  history  of  Old  Greenland  is  found  in  the  J^cr/.sias. 
heal  Annuls,  and  consists  of  a  mere  skeleton  of  facts  As 
in  Icelau.l  an.]  Xorway  there  was  no  en.l  of  broil,  and 
bloodshed.  A  very  considerable  tra.le  was  evblc-ntly 
carried  on  between  that  country  and  Norwav,  which  is 
the  case  at  the  present  time  with  Denmark.  As  the  hmd 
albrded  m.  materials  for  ships,  they  dcpendd  in  a  -.vat 
measure  up.ui  others  for  communication  with  (he  luolhcr 
countries,  which  final iy  proved  disastrous. 


'U    will    l„.   s..,.u    luMvalu...    ,l,a,    hv    uvu,    m,,,!    .siahlish...!   ImMsMf  in 
\  inliunl. 

''Sci'  Moixiirci*  ih'K  Antiqudivis  (hi  y,,r(l.  p.  ;is;{, 

^'Tlu.  l„rMti,.n  of  (ianliu-  is  „ow  muvrt,m,.     At  o,„.  tini,.  it  u,,s  .„|,|„,.,..l 
tolmv..   luvn   situaU.].,n.lH.,,,st,.mn,as,;    l,„t   si,,,.,,  i,    l„.,.a,a,.  so  ,.l..ar 
tl.M.  .1,,.  -as,  ,.„as,   was   ,„.v..,.  i„l,al,i„.,l,  ,1.,,   vi,.u-  has  1.,.,.,,  al.an.lou,..! 
tlioii;r|i  ,1,,.  nam,'  appeals  i,i  ol,|  iiiap>. 

'  S,.c  Craiit/'s  (innilimil.  vol.  i,  p.  ;_>.-,;.', 


m 


XXX 


I'UIK'OMMUIAN   l.i,-:('()Vi;i{V  oK 


MoMMKNI'S   AND  IMINS. 


'riu'il'  villiiLi'cs  Mild  liiniis  wtTf  iiilliici'Klls.  'roii't'tlit'l' 
\\\v\  iu'dliiiJtly  iiiiiiilu'rcil  si'viTiil  liiiiidriMl,  llif  ruins  now 
left  lu'iiin'  Itotii  ;il)uinl;iiit  sind  fxtt'iisivf.  Nciir  liraliko, 
which  is  sii|t]>()S('(l  to  he  tin'  smiiu'  :is  the  iincicnt  l*]iii;irs- 
liord,  Mi'c  the  ruins  ol'  a  church,  |>rol»al»l_v  \\u'  cathc(Iral  of 
(Jaiuhir.  It  is  caih'd  the  K'akortok  cliiirch.  It  was  ol" 
wimple  hut  niassiv»>  architecture,  and  the  "  material  was 
taken  tVoin  the  neiiilihorini;'  cliHs.  'The  stone  is  roii^'h 
liewn,  and  hut  tew  siy'iis  of  mortar  are  visible.  It  is  til'ty- 
oiu>  leet  \o\\\x  :iiid  tweiitv-five  wide.  The  north  and 
south  walls  arc^  over  four  feet  thick,  while  the  end  walls 
are  still  nior»>  massi\-e. 

Xor  are  otluM- monuments  wantiiiii-.  At  li::iilikko,  nine 
miles  tVtnu  .lulian's  llo|ie.  a  (Jreenlander  Ikmiii;'  one  day 
employed  in  »>lttainiiiii"  stones  to  ri'pair  his  liouse,  found 
amoini'  a  piK>  of'  f'raii'ments  a  smooth  stone  that  horo, 
what  seemed  to  him.  written  I'haracters.  He  mentioned 
the  circumstance  to  Mr.  Mathiesitn,  the  colonial  <rireetor 
at  duliaiTs  Hope,  who  interred  that  it  must  he  a  runii' 
stone.  He  was  so  tortuiiati'  as  to  find  it  afterwar<ls,  and 
he  accordingly  sent  it  to  CopiMihaii'eii,  wlu'ri'  it  arriv*'d  in 
tlu'  vi'ar  1S:')0.  The  ruiu's.  which  were  perfectly  distinct, 
showed  that  it  was  a  lomhstoiie.  The  inscription  w;'s 
translated  as  follows  : 


H 
^ 


-i4 


••\i(ii)is  M.vus   n.vv  (iUTi:i{  IvKSTs  IIkuk. 
May  (ion  fIi,AiM)KN   Hkr  Sour-." 

Another  found  in  1S:',1,  hy  tlie  Rev.  Mr.  De  Fries,  itrinci- 
pal  of  tlu'  Moravian  Mission,  liore  the  followiiii;-  inscriiifion 
in  the  runic  letter : 


I 


,*". 
'* 


Ir.ltK     KKSIS     lllSOAl!     l\ol.i;l!IMSSoN 


AMKincA   in    •|'|||.;  N(»|{'ril.M|.;\. 


\.\xi 


'roii't'tlicr 
niiiis  now 
r  iii'iiliko, 
III  l*]iii:irs- 
tlicdnil  of 

It  Wiis  ol" 
Icriiil   \v;is 

is    roiiii'h 

It  is  tilty- 
lortli    iiiid 

('11(1     Willis 

kko,  nine 
;•  one  day 
use,  t'oiiiid 
lliiit  liore, 
lU'iitioncd 
il  director 
le  il  runic 
Viirds,  mid 
iirrivcd  in 
y  distinct, 
[ttion  w;'s 


'"!? 


i 


This  st(.nc,  now  in  tlic  iniisciini  iit  ('opcnliiiLrcn,  Wiis  Connd 

'"'■''  '"'"  •'"•  Willi  over  tl nti'i c  of  il  ( livcniiind  lioiisc, 

liiiviiii;'  l.ccn  tiikcii  lor  tli;if    |Mir|.(.s(.  iVoiii    ii  li(>!i|>  (.f  niiiiH, 

!'' two  miles  iioitli  of    rricdcriclistliiil.     This  sl(.ii(.  is 

iiiorc  fhiiii  three  W'vt  lon-i",  hein^-  ein-|i(een  inches  wide  in 
the  niiri'owest  piirt,  iind  iihoiit  live  indies  thick.  It  I.eiirs 
every  sii^n  of  ii  hiiili  iintic|iiity. 

I'lit  one  of  the  most  inlerestin,--  reniiiins  whi.^h  prove 
the  leeliindi.'  oecii|.iiti(»ii  of  ( iivcnliind  is  the  runic  sIoik! 
Coiind  hy  I'iirry,  in  iNiiJ,  in  the  ishind  of  Kino-iklorsoi.k, 
lyiii-  in  7-2  :..V  X.  i.nd  r,r,"  .".l'  W.  It  contiiined  ii  some- 
whiit  leiin'tliy  iiiseriplion,  iind  copies  of  it  wvyv  sent  to 
three  of  the  lirst  s.Oiohirs  of  the  ii-c,  Ki„n  Ma.icniisson, 
l*i-«'fess(.ri;iisk,  iiiid  Dr.  IJryniiilfson,  who,  without  coiisiilt- 
iition,  lit  once  Iirrivcd  id  the  siinie  coiielusion  and  united 
ill  ,ii-iviii,u-  the  following-  triiiislation  : 

••  l';i!l-IN(i    Sl(i|IV.\TSe.\    AM.     ISloU.V    TlMMt  |..\  ItSON     AM. 

KiM.iMii    Onnsov,  os    Sati  uhav    liKroi!!.; 

.AscKNsniN    wki:k,  haiski.   tiiivsk 

MAHKS    AM.     ci.i:  \l!i;i. 

(i  lie  I  Ml.  1 1;;;').! 

The  Iceliindh-  colonists  in  (irecnlanddo  not  appeur  to 
have  I.ecii  conlined  to  a  sniiill  portion  of  territorv.  We 
find  conshleriihlerelatin.i.- to  this  siihject  in  the  chronicle 
•'•"•i'Mited  to  Ivar  P.ert,^'  the  steward  of  one  (.f  the  l.i^hr.ps 
of  (Jreeiiland:  yet,  thoii-h  used  extensively  hv  Torlieiis, 
modern  rcsciiivhes  in  this  country  ].r..ve  that  it  "is  in  souk' 
••(■spects    faulty.      In  this    chronicle,    as    in    the    Siii^iis,  the 


es,  pnnei- 
nseriiition 


I  li.'sr  iMs,.n,,ti„Ms  ,uv  ;,ll  i„  tiur  ninir  l,.,„.,s,  mIh,,,.  wl,i,.|,   ,!„.,•,.  nui  I,.. 

""    "'"''''^"'  " '•"    ""^'">    ""lil-    ""■    i.nn.ma,y    ,- ,„. wluH. 

wr  muy  liimllv  M  „l,liov,l  ,„  Hass  iIm.s,.  ,,1  ,|„.  Diul,,,,,,  ,„,,,  " 

-'Sr,.  |.:uv.l,.-s  f;nu,/.nn/.^>.xxv:   Crnnt/.s  (;,:<»/„„>/.  v„l    ,    ,,,,  o.,;  „. 
l'mvl,as.  ///.v  r,ynn„...  vul.  ni.  ,..  T.lS  ;  .l„//,/„,7„^,,  J„„, ,;.,,„„    ,,    .,„„ 


I 


XXXll 


IMMvCoMMIMAN   DlSCoVKItV  <)K 


colonists  uiv  spoken  of  as  possfssiiin'  liorst's,  sheep  uml 
oxen  ;  and  tlieir  eliiiivhes  and  ri'ligioiis  liousos  appear  to 
have  lieeii  well  supported. 

KX1M,()I{ATI().\S  IN  (iWKKNLAM*. 

Mucli  was  done,  it  ap[n'ars,  in  the  way  ol"  exploring  the 
extreme  northern  portions  of  the  country  known  as 
j\tir((rs(tiir.  In  theyi'ar  l:i(!(!,a  voyat-'e  was  made  under  the 
auspices  ol"  some  ol"  the  jiriests,  and  the  adventurers  pene- 
trated nortli  of  liancaster  sound,  reaching;'  ahont  the 
same  latitude  that  was  attained  hy  Carry  in  1H27.  This 
expedition  was  of  sulHcient  importance  to  justify  some 
notice  of  it  here.  The  account  is  found  in  Anll'iuilnks 
Aiiicriciiinv  (p.  liGU),  and  it  sets  o'lt  with  the  statement  that 
the  narrative  of  the  expedition  was  sent  by  Ilaldor,  a 
priest,  to  Arnald,  the  chaplain  of  King  Magnus  in  Nor- 
wav.  They  sailed  out  of  Xrokstiardarheidi  in  an  open 
boat,  and  met  with  southerly  winds  and  thick  weather, 
which  forced  them  to  let  the  boat  drive  before  the  wind. 
AVhen  the  weather  cleared,  tlu'y  saw  a  number  of  islands, 
together  with  whales  and  seals  and  bears.  They  made 
their  way  into  the  most  distant  portion  of  the  sea,  and  saw 
glaciers  south  of  them  as  far  as  the  eye  could  reach. 
Thev  also  saw  indications  of  the  natives,  who  were  called 
Sknellings,  but  did  not  land,  on  account  of  the  number  of 
the  bears.  They  therefore  i>ut  about,  and  laid  their 
course  southward  for  nearly  three  days,  finding  more 
islands,  with  traces  of  the  natives.  They  saw  a  mountain 
which  they  call  Suicfell,  and  on  ?5t.  James  day,  July  25, 
thev  had  a  severe  weather,  being  obliged  to  row  much  and 
vcrv  hard.  It  froze  during  the  night  in  that  region,  but 
tlie  sun  was  above  the  horizon  both  day  and  night.  AVhen 
the  sun  was  on  tiie  southern  meridian,  and  a  man  lay  down 
crosswise  in  a  six-oared  boat,  the  shadow  of  the  gunwale 


M 


AMKIMCA   nv  'I'llK  NuinilMKN. 


XXMll 


sIr'I'P   illlll 

s  aiipoar  to 


qilorliig  the 

known  as 
lo  umlt'i' tlio 
tiircrs  \\iiue- 

ahoiit  the 
1827.  Tliis 
istity   sonic 

Anti<iiutuks 
toniont  that 

Ilaltlor,  a 
Ills  in  Xor- 
in  an  opou 
;lv  wcathiT, 
e  the  w'nuh 
;'  ot"  islands, 
They  made 
ea,  an<l  saw 
ouhl  ivacli. 
were  called 

nmnht'i'  of 

laid  tlu'ii" 
iding  more 
a  mountain 
ay,  July  25, 
V  mucli  and 

region,  hut 
-•ht^  AVhen 
an  lay  down 
lie  ii'uiiwale 


towards  the  sun  would  reach  as  far  as  his  feet,  which,  of 
course,  inchcates  that  the  sun  was  very  low.  Afterwards 
they  all  retuiiied  in  safety  lo  (iardar.'  Uafn  fixes  the 
liosition  of  the  point  attained  hy  the  I'xpedition  in  tho 
parallel  of  T/i'Mtl'.  Such  an  achii'veineiit  at  that  day 
indicates  a  degree  of  boldness  (piite  sui'i»rising. 

THK  DKCI.INK  <)|.^  (J!{KIv\I,A.\|). 

Of  the  reality  and  importance  of  the  (irceidand  colony 
tliere  exists  no  doubt,  notwithstanding  the  records  are  so 
meagre  and  fragmentary.'-  It  maintained  its  connection 
with  the  mother  countries  for  a  period  of  no  less  than  lour 
Innnl red  years;  yet  it  tinally  disappeared  and  was  almost 
forgotten. 

The  eausoH  which  led  to  the  suspension  of  communication 
were  doubtless  various,  though  it  is  ditlicult  to  account  for 
the  utter  extinction  of  the  colony,  which  does  not  ajipear 
ever  to  have  been  in  much  danger  from  the  HkricI lings. 
On  one  occasion,  in  i:]4l)  or  later,  the  natives  attacked  the 
western  settlement,  it  is  said,  and  killed  eighteen  (Jreen- 
hmders  of  Icelandic  lineage,  carryingaway  two  boys  cai»tives. 

AV^e  hear  from  the  eastern  colony  as  late  as  the  middle 
of  the  tifteenth  century.  Trade  was  carried  on  with 
])enmark  until  nearly  the  end  of  the  fourteenth  century, 
although  the  voyages  were  not  regular.  Tiie  hist  l)ishop, 
Andreas,  was  sent  out  in  1400,  and  J'l'ofessor  Finn  Mag- 
nusscn  has  esta])lished  the  fact  that  he  olHciated  in  the 
cathedral  at  (jiardar  in  14()!).' 


'  Aii/ii/iii/ii/i.s  Anil  viriiKd',  |i.  \x\i\. 

'  For  tlic  accduiit  olilif  iiiuims(ii|Ms  ii|.(.ii  wliicli  uur  kii..wln|(iv<,f  ( iivi^n- 
laiul  is  tumidcil,  sec  Ali/ti/'ii/nti -i  Aii/t  riniiiii .  \k  !.'.V). 

"Ill  tlml  year  |)iirticw  uiv  kiinwii  to  have  cipinraciid  iiiari-iajiv  at  (ianlar. 
IV.pin    whom    l.'iiii,    .MaMiiiissni    ami    .itlin-   (listiiinuishcl    111,11   owe    tlifir 

llcsi-clil. 


XXXIV 


iMfKCOI.IMUIAN    DISCoVKUV  oK 


From  tills  tliiic  till'  tnulc  lii'tweoii  Xorvvny  and  (Jrocii- 
liiml  iiiUK'iii's  to  have  licfii  !j,lvt'ii  up,  tli(»iii,'li  Wortnius 
told  Tcv  Tcri' ul'  Ills  liavliiif  read  in  a  |)anisli.  iiiaiiusci'i|>t 
that  down  to  tin-  vcar  14.s4  tlicri!  was  a  company  of  more 
than  forty  sailors  at  IUtkcii,  In  Xorway,  who  still  traded 
with  ( irccniaiid.'  Uiit  as  tlio  iwi'iiiin  at  that  time  l»i'lonL!:i'<l 
to  (^)iit'cn  Mari;ait't  of  I>i'iiniai'k,  in*  one  eoiihl  iyo  to(}|H'en- 
laiid  without  the  royal  permission.  One  <'ompany  of 
sailors  who  wcro  dri\cii  upon  the  ( irei'iiland  coast,  eame 
near  siitlerini;  the  penalty  of  the  law  on  their  return. 
Craiitz  -  says,  that  "ahoiit  the  year  l."):}!),  Bishop  Amund 
of  Skalholt  in  fcoland  is  said  to  have  been  driven  hy  a 
storm,  on  his  return  from  Norway,  so  m-ar  the  coast  of 
(ireenland  hy  ireriulfness,  that  he  could  see  the  peojde 
drivinii"  In  their  cattle.  Uiit  he  did  not  land,  liocanse  just 
then  a  ifood  wind  arose,  which  carried  the  ship  the  same 
niiiht  to  Iceland,  'i'lie  Icelander,  Bia-rnvon  Skardtii,  who 
relates  this,  also  says  further,  that  a  Ilamhuruh  mariner, 
Jon  (Jreeidander  hy  name,  was  driven  three  times  on  the 
(ireenland  island,  where  he  saw  such  Usher's  huts  for 
dryiui;'  tlsh  as  they  have  in  Icisland,  hut  saw  no  men; 
further,  that  piecis  of  shattered  lioats,  nay,  in  the  year 
1(1:2.'),  ail  entire  boat,  fastened  tOi,a'ther  with  sinews 
and  wooden  pei>'s,  and  ]titclied  with  seal  hliihher,  have 
been  driven  ashore  at  rceland  Irom  time  to  time;  and 
since  then  they  found  once  an  oar  with  a  sentence  written 
in  Uunie  letters  :  '  0/f  car  ck  dusa,  ditr  elk  dmlhik,''  that  is, 
'  Oft  was  1  tired  when  I  drew  thee.'  "  ^ 


'  l''.jiiMlr's  (! I'll  iihl nil,  |p.  \lvii. 

■'  lliid.,  \lviii. 

'Craiit/'s  (ifK  ii/inul.  vol.  I.  |i.  '^(14. 


AMKUICA   IIV    I'lIK  NOUrilMKN 


XXXV 


iiiid  (Jrcon- 
I  Woiiniiis 
nunmsnipt 
iiy  <>t"  iiioiv 
still  tnuU'd 
lie  l»i'l«)ii_L!;»'<l 

;(>  1(»  ( li'fi'ii- 
■(•inpaiiy  ot" 
coast,  ciniH! 
leir    rot urn. 
iDp   .\inuii«l 
(1  riven  l>y  u 
the  coast  of 
the  itfoitlo 
(oeanso  just 
p  the  same 
kardtii,  who 
•ill  nuiriiicr, 
nics  on  the 
r's   huts  for 
IV  no   men  ; 
n  the  year 
ith    sinews 
hlter,   have 
time:    and 
nee  written 
thih,"  that  is, 


I,()ST  (JUKKNLAND  I'olNI*. 

Hut,  whatever  may  he  the  value  of  the  iu-eeei|iii!.r  extract, 
it  is  clear  that  (Jreeiilaml  was  never  wholly  torifotten.  The 
first  jK'rsoii  who  proposed  to  rcopcii  coinmunicatiou  was 
Mric  W'alkeiidorf,  Archhishop  (tf  Drontheim.  who  tamiliar- 
ize<|  liimsclt"  with  the  suhjeet.  and  nnide  every  prepai'ation 
necessary  in  onU'r  to  roestahlish  the  colony;  hut,  haviuLf 
fallen  under  the  displeasin-i' of  Kiiiu,-  Ciiristian  II,  he  left 
the  country  and  went  to  lionie,  whei'c  he  died  in  the  year 
I'lill.  Thus  his  plans  came  to  nothin<;.'  (r'hristian  III 
aliroi:ate<|  the  dceri'c  of  (^neeii  Marirai't-t,  proliihitiny-  trath- 
with  (Jreenland  without  the  royjil  permission,  ami  i-nconr- 
a<i:ed  voyaifcs  hy  tittini;  out  a  ve>scl  to  st'arch  tor  (Jrc»'n- 
land,  whi<di,  howevi'r,  was  not  found.  In  1")7S,  Frederic  II 
sent  out  Magnus  Ileiininu'sen.  He  came  in  siirht  f)f  the 
land,  hut  (h)es  not  ajtpear  to  havi*  had  the  couraLfc  to 
procoeij  further,  ('rant/,  in  his  work  (Ui  (Jreenland,  u;ives 
an  ac(!ountof  a  numhi'rof  voyaii'cs  undertaken  to  thecoast, 
but  says  tliat  "at  last  (ireenland  was  so  l)uried  in  oblivion 
that  one  hardly  would  believe  that  such  a  land  as  (ireen- 
land was  inhabited  l)y  Christian  Xorweijjians." - 

Et  renniined,  therelbre,  for  I  fans  K<i'cdc,'  in  17-1,  to 
reopen  communication,  and  demonstrate  the  n-ality  of  the 
l>revious  occupation.  Colundtus  himself  diil  not  meet 
with  <,o-eatcr  trials  and  mortification  than  did  tliis  i^ood 
man  lor  the  spaci!  of'  eleven  years,  durini;  which  pv-riod  he 
labored  U>  [lersuade  tiie  authorities  to  undertake  the  r»'dis- 
covery,      But   liis    fiiith    and    zeal     finally   overcame   all 


'Cniiii/.'s  (! nciibiiiil,  \>.  "JTl. 

■'  lliid..  |).  'JT'J. 

Mlaiis    l'',yrili'  WHS  ii  c'lTi;viriiiii   in    |ii'ii<ts  unli'is.  !\iiil  mini;  tcr  nt'  tin- 

(Mllirn'iriltiiPIl     111     Viir-rll     ill      |||r    IKil'tllcni      |i;ll-I     •■!       N .  ilWn  \  ,    \\  |ii   ir    jic     \\:|-. 

liiixiily  rstrt'iiii'il  iuid   liriiiviil.     Ill'  s]Mni    tilictii    vciii-s  as  a  iiii>>iiiiiai'.\  in 
<  iiiciilaiiil,  ami  ilicii  at  ('ii|Hiilia;''ii.  I  ioS 


XXXVl 


I'HlvCoLlMHIAN   DISCOVKHV  OF 


liostility  and  ridi^'ulo,  and  on  tlio  socond  day  ol"  May, 
1721,  lie  went  on  l)oard  the  Hope,  with  his  wile  and  four 
yonnu;  ehihh-en,  and  landed  at  JialPs  river  in  Greeidand 
on  the  third  ot"  the  following;'  month.  Here  he  sjtent  the 
hest  portion  of  his  life  in  teat-hiiii::  the  natives  Christianity, 
whieh  had  heeii  iirst  introdueed  seven  eenturies  hefore, 
and  in  makintJ,'  those  expk)rations  tiie  results  of  wliieh 
filled  the  mind  of  Enroi>e  with  surp/rise,  and  atlorded  a 
coniiruuition  of  the  truthfulness  of  the  Icelandic  iSairas. 


TlIK  <'HA1{A( THU   AM)  ACIIIFA'KMFATS  OF  TIIH  NOHTIIMKN. 

Let  US  now  return  to  the  consideration  of  the  Ice- 
landic voya^;es  to  the  American  Continent,  thou<>;h  not 
without  tirst  seeking  a  hetier  acquaintance  with  the  men 
hy  whom  they  were  performed. 

AVe  have  already  seen  that  the  Xorthmen  were  a  people 
of  no  inferior  attainments.  Indeed,  thev  constituted  the 
most  entcrprisinijj  portion  of  the  race,  and,  on  general 
principles,  we  should  therefore  view  them  as  fitted  even 
ahovo  all  the  men  of  their  time  for  tlie  important  work 
of  exploration  heyond  the  seas.  They  had  made  them- 
selves known  in  every  part  of  the  i-ivili/ed  world  '  hy  their 
daring  as  sohliers  and  navigators.  tStraying  away  into 
the  distant  east  from  whence  they  originally  came,  we  see 
them  laying  the  foundation  of  the  Russian  empire,  swing- 
ing their  hattle-axes  in  the  streets  of  Constantinople, 
carving  their  mystic  runes  ui)on  the  Lions  of  the  Areopa- 
gus, a. id  filling  the  heart  of  even  the  great  Charlemagne 
with  dismay.  Says  Dasent,  when  summing  up  their 
achievements:  "  In  Byzantium  they  are  the  leaders  of  the 
Creek  emperor's  hody  guard,  and  the  main  support  of  his 


'TIlc   llllltlil  (111   tllC  SWdl'd   lit'    liimcr  (iuis;';;!'!'    \V!IS  : 

"  Ajipi/liiK  ft  i'li/iilx  r  SiciihiK  iiiilii  Si  rrit  if  .[/'<  i 


i 


^1 


AMKUK'A   n\    rilK  .NOUTll.MKN. 


XXXVll 


y  of  May, 

e  and  four 

Greeiihind 

spent  till) 

liristiaiiity, 

■ies  before, 

i  of  wliieh 

ailonled  si 

J  Sagas. 


;(>|{TIIMKN. 

>f  tlie  lee- 
tliotii;"li  not 
th  tlie  men 

ro  a  people 
ititnted  the 
:>n  ajeneral 
iitted  ev'eu 
rtant  work 
lade  theni- 
d  '  hy  their 
away  into 
tne,  we  see 
)ire,  swinii'- 
^tantinople, 
he  Areo[>a- 
liarleniagne 
:••  up  their 
(lers  of  tlie 
iport  of  liis 


* 
>;i' 


totteriui;  throne.  From  Franeo,  led  hy  liollo,  tliey  tear 
away  her  fairest  i)rovineo  and  found  a  lon_u-  line  of  kings. 
In  Saxon  England  they  are  the  ])()soni  friends  of  sueli  kin^s 
as  Athelstane,  and  the  sworn  foes  of  Kthelred  tlie  Unready. 
In  Danish  Kngland  they  are  the  foremost  anionti'  the 
tlianes  of  Canute,  Swein  and  Iliinhoanute,  and  keep  down 
the  native  population  with  an  iron  lieel.  In  Xorman 
Knglaiid,''  lie  continues,  "the  most  serious  o[»position  the 
conqueror  meets  with  is  from  the  colonists  of  his  own 
race  settled  in  N'orthund)ria.  lie  wastes  their  lands  with 
tire  and  swonl,  and  drives  them  across  the  border,  where 
we  still  find  their  energy,  their  pci-severance,  and  their 
spceeli  I'xistiiig  in  the  lowland  Scotcli,  In  Norway  tliey 
dive  into  the  river  witli  King  Olaf  Tryggvesson,  the  best 
and  strongest  eliampion  of  Ins  age,  and  hold  him  down 
beneatli  the  waves  so  long  that  the  bysianders  wonder 
whether  cither  king  or  Icelander  will  ever  reappear  on 
the  surface.'  Some  follow  Saint  Olaf  in  his  crusades 
against  the  old  [pagan]  faitli.^  Some  are  his  obstinate 
foes,  and  assist  at  liis  martyrdom.  Many  follow  Harold 
the  Stern  to  England  when  he  goes  to  get  his  '  seven  feet ' 
oi'  English  earth,  and  almost  to  a  man  thev  get  their 
portion  of  the  same  soil,  while  their  names  gri.w  briiilit 
in  song  and  story."  And  tinally,  "  From  Iceland  as  a 
base,  tliey  push  on  to  Greenland  and  coloni/.e  it :  nay,  they 
discover  America  in  those  lialf-decked  barks.""  ■' 

Till':  Sllll's  OF  'IMIK  yoiri'IlMKN. 

TJie  Northmen  were  excellent  navigat  .-s.  IMiev  were, 
moreover,  it  lias  beeji  claimed,  the  iirst  to  i...^•n  the  i.rt 
of  sailing  on  the  wind.     They  had  good  sea-going  vessels, 

'S.M.  Lmufr-s  ILlmdn.;//,,.  vu].  i,,  ,,  4.--,().     This  ivCts  tu  his  suinuii 

niiitcli  witli  Kiartfii  tlir  Ic..|iiii(i.r.  in  uliich  th.'  kino-  ums  iMMim 
'•"Sci'  Siiyii  iit'Sniiil  (nut  kiiiiz)  Ohif. 
^ />!  V  .  I ////»///<>//•,,<  (///  .V"/v.',  is.-)!t 


A 


xxxvn.i 


I'HIvCOLr.MHiAN  DISCOVEKV  OK 


some  of  which  were  of  largo  size.  \Ve  have  an  account 
in  the  Saga  of  Olaf  Tryggvesson  of  one  that  in  sonic 
respects  was  remarkable.  It  is  said  that  "  the  winter  Jifter 
King  Olaf  Tryggvesson  came  from  Ifalogciand.  He  had  a 
great  ship  built  at  Ledeliammer,*  which  was  larger  than 
any  ship  in  tlie  country,  and  of  which  the  bea?ii-knees  are 
still  to  be  seen.  Tlie  length  of  the  keel  that  rested  upon 
the  grass  was  seventy-four  ells,  Thorberg  Skafting  was 
the  man's  name  who  was  the  master  buihler  of  the  ship, 
but  there  were  many  others  besides ;  some  to  fell  the 
wood,  some  to  shape  it,  some  to  make  nails,  some  to  carry 
timber,  and  all  that  was  used  was  the  best.  The  ship 
was  both    lonif  and  broad   and   high  sided,  and  stronjrlv 

timbered The  ship  was  a  dragon,  built  after  the  one 

that  the  king  had  captured  in  Halogaland,  but  it  was 
far  longer  and  more  carefully  put  together  in  all  her  ]iarts. 
The  Long  Serpent  [her  name]  had  thirty-four  benches 
for  rowers.  The  head  and  arched  tail  were  both  gilt,  and 
the  bulwarks  were  as  high  as  in  sea-going  ships.  This  ship 
was  the  best  and  most  costly  ever  built  in  Norway.'.  ^ 


I 


'  Lt'di'liaiiiiiicr.  The  pdiiit  of  hiiid  near  the  Ikhimc  of  Lcdc,  just  l)clo\v 
Di'oiitliciiii. 

■liiiiuij's  If< iiiix/iriiii/ld,  vol.  1,  ](.  4.")T.  Il  is  rclatcil  tliat  wliilc  tliry  wcn^ 
})liinkiiiji'  llic  ship,  "it  liiipiiciifil  that  'rhorlicro-  had  to  yo  lioiiic  to  Ids 
farm  uin.ii  soiuf  urjffut  luisiiu'ss  ;  and  as  he  staved  there  a  lone-  time,  the 
sliip  was  |ilauked  uiioli  both  sides  when  he  came  hack.  Ill  the  eveliiun'  thu 
kiii^  Went  out  and  'i'liorltery  with  him,  to  see  how  the  shi|)  looked,  iiiiil  all 
said  that  never  was  seen  so  larj^e  and  line  a  shi|)  of  war.  Tlieii  the  kiiij>- 
went  l)ack  to  the  town.  Karl;/  the  iieNt  iuorniiie'  (he  kiiie-  came  hack 
ajraiii  to  the  ship,  and  'riiorlierii'  with  him.  The  carpeiiters  were  there 
liefore  them,  hut  all  were  staiidine-  idle  with  their  hands  across.  The  kini; 
asked.  ■'  What  is  the  iiuitter  V  "  They  said  the  shij)  was  ruined  :  for  some- 
liodv  had  yone  from  stem  to  stern,  and  cut  one  deep  notch  after  another 
down  liie  one  sitle  of  the  plankine-.  When  the  kin^' came  nearer  he  saw 
that  it  \>iis  so,  and  saiil  with  an  oath, 'The  man  shall  die  who  has  thus 
ruined  the  ship  out  of  malice,  if  he  can  he  toiind,  and  1  will  eive  a  errat 
l■e\^al•d  to  him  who   linds  hii it.'     '1  I'an  tell  you,  kine-.' sa\s  ThorliiTy. 


AMEinCA   HY  TIIK  NOHTIIMKN. 


XXXIX 


11  account 

ill   some 

Inter  after 

lie  liiul  a 


rsj^er  tliun 
■knees  are 

*ted  upon 

:'i 

ifting  was 
the  ship, 

4 

y   fell  the 

(■■■C-, 

e  to  carry 

$ 

The  ship 

[  stroiurlv 

r  the  one 

ut  it  was 

her  ]iarts. 

r  benches 

1  gilt,  and 

This  ship 

-J 

'     2 


,  just   liclow 

If  tlii'V  were 

liDiiu'  to  liis 

iin-  time,  tlir 

cvcniiii^'  l)if 

ikcil,  tiiid  iill 

en  tli(!  k\]\<x 

ciiiiic    luick 

wert^  tlicrc 

«.     Tlh'  kinir 

'j'! 

1  :    lor  soiiic- 

■t 

f'ti'l'   liunllicr 

.i- 

■iUlT  llr  SllW 

.^'i 

lui    IlllS    lliiis 

j'ivc  SI  yrrat 

s  'riicilhiTj;', 

- 

Laing  computes  the  tonnage  of  this  ship  at  about  nine 
hnndred  and  forty-two  tons,  thus  giving  a  lengtli  of  a])ont 
one  liimdivd  feet,  which  is  nearly  the  size  of  a  Ibrty-two 
gun  ship.  By  steam  tonnage  it  would  give  a  ca])acity  of 
a  little  less  than  three  hundred  tons,  and  one  hundred  and 
twenty  horse  power.  We  apprehend,  however,  that  the 
estimate  i>  sutHciently  large;  yet  we  are  not  concerned  to 
show  any  great  capacity  for  the  Icelandic  slii[)s.  All  the 
vessels  employed  in  the  early  times  on  the  American 
coasts  were  sniall.  Cabot  sailed  in  IJathns  Bay  with  a 
vessel  of  thirty  tons;  and  the  Anna  Pink,  the  craft  that 
accompanied  Lord  Anson  in  his  expedition  around  the 
world,  was  only  sixteen  tons.'  The  vessels  possessed  by 
the  Xorthmen  were  everyway  adapted  for  an  ocean  voy- 
age. 

In  nautical  knowledge,  also,  they  wore  not  l)ehind  the 
age.  The  importance  of  cultivating  the  study  of  naviga- 
tion was  fully  understood.     The  Kaudulf  of  Oesterdai,  in 


'  wl...  lias  (l.)iic  this  jmccc  of  woi-k."  '  I  ilon't  tliiiik  tli'iit  iiiiy  (iiic  is  si.  iikriy 
to  liiKJ  it  (lilt  iir-  tliou  art."  TliurbiTir  says  :  '  I  will  tell  y.iii,  kiiijr,  win.  iliii 
it,  I  iliil  it  inyscit'.'  Tin-  kino-Miys,  'TIkiii  luiist  rt'storc  it  all  to  tlir  saiiio 
(•oiidition  as  bct'onv  or  thy  life  shall  ]iay  for  it."  Thru  'I'lioriirrir  went  and 
•■hi|iiicd  the  planks  until  the  df.p  notches  wiri'  nil  siiiooth,.d  and  nuidi^ 
I'v.'ii  with  the  r.'St;  and  the  kiiiK  and  ail  luvscnt  dirhuvd  that  the  shi|. 
Mas  niiicli  handsoinn-  on  the  side  of  the  hull  uhich  Thorlierji'  had  chiiiiicd. 
and  linde  him  hliai.e  the  itlier  side  in  the  same  way  and  yave  him  eival 
thanks  for  the  improvement." 

'A  lew  years  ae-o  two  very  aneient  vessels  whieli  proi,al.l\  lieloni-ed  to 
the  seventh  century  were  .■xlium.d  on  the  coast  of  l»eninar"k,  seveiMlioii- 
SlMld  teet  from  tliesea,  where  tliey  were  scuttled  and  sunk.  Tlie  chann-es 
in  the  coast  linally  left  tliem  imliedded  in  the  sand.  One  vessel  was 
se\  ■nty-two  feel  lon<jr,  and  niiu'  feet  wide  amid  ships  Tiie  other  was 
forr-two  f,et   lono-.  and  coiuaiiied  two  eiM-htsided  spars,  t  wentyfoiir  feet 

lonir.      Tiie    bottoms    were    covered     with    mats   of    withes    for   the     purpo,se 

of  ke.  pintrtheni  dry.     Amoiiy;  the  contents  was  a  Damascened  sword,  with 

vines    sliowine-  that    !li,.  letter  existed  aniolie-  |1„.  Northmen  in  the  sev.nth 
cell!  ni\  . 


"TTH 


;    I 
i 


xl 


PUKCOl.lMHIAN   DISCOVHHY  OK 


Norway,  taught  his  sou  to  calcuhite  the  course  oi"  the  sun 
and  moon,  mul  how  to  iiieasiiro  time  by  the  stars.  In 
IfylO  Ohms  ArMrmis  (;omi)hiineil  that  the  knowledge  of  tins 
people  in  tiiis  respect  liad  been  diminished.  In  that  noble 
work  called  tSpcndiuu  lieijale  the  Icelander  is  taught  to 
make  an  especial  study  of  commerce  and  navigation,  of 
the  divisions  of  time  and  the  movements  of  the  heavenly 
bodies,  together  with  arithmetic,  the  rigging  of  vessels 
and  morals}  Without  a  high  degree  of  knowledge  they 
could  never  have  achieved  their  eastern  voyages. 


THE  DlSCOvEHY  OF  AMl-UUCA. 

"V^  I  !;i.  that  the  Xorthmen  were  well  ac<iuainted  with 
other  i)aris  of  the  world,  and  that  they  possessed  all  the 
means  of  reaching  the  continent  in  the  west.  We  come, 
therefore,  to  the  question  :  Did  the  Xorthmen  actually 
discover  and  explore  the  coast  of  the  country  now  known 
as  America  ? 

No  one  can  say  that  the  idea  wears  any  appearance  of 
r>npro(jahi/ili/ ;  for  there  is  certainly  nothing  womlerful  in 
the  exploit.  And  after  conceding  the  fact  that  the 
colonies  of  the  Northmen  existed  in  Greenland  for  at 
least  three  hundred  years  we  must  prepare  ourselves  for 
something  of  this   kind.     Indeed    it  is  well  nigh,  if  not 


"rill'  ])c()])li' of  Iccliiiul  were  ulways  noted  for  their  stiiteriority  in  this 
rcHiH'ct  over  their  !  iiisiiien  in  Deninurk  and  Norway.  'I'liere  in  one  hifi'iu- 
licant  fact  liearinj^  on  tliis  [loint,  whicli  im  this:  that,  whih"  a  few  of  tho 
IM'ople  of  Iceland  went  at  an  early  jieriod  to  enyajfe  in  jiiratical  excursions 
with  the  vikinjrs  ol  Norway,  not  a  single  pirate  ship  ev^'r  sailed  from 
I. eland.  Such  ways  were  condeunieil  altojjether  at  an  early  day,  wliih^ 
various  Kuropean  nations  continued  to  sand  ion  piracy  down  to  recent  |ierioils. 
Atr.'.in  it  should  he  reniendiered  that  in  Iceland  duellino;  was  also  solemnly 
declared  illejral  as  early  as  1011,  and  in  Norway  the  following-  year;  while 
in  Knjrland  it  di<l  not  cease  to  lie  a  part  of  the  judicial  proci'ss  until  IHIH. 
See  Sir  Ivlmiind  Head's   \'i!/<i  (Ihnn  S,t</,i.  p.  I'JO. 


.\Mi:i{I('.\   in     I'lIK  NOIM'II.MKN. 


xli 


•f  the    81111 

stars.  In 
lu;o  of  tyu) 
tluit  noble 
taught  to 
igation,  of 
!  heavenly 
of  vessels 
edge  they 


inted  with 
led  all  the 
We  come, 
11  actually 
ow  known 

earancc  of 
idorful  in 
that  the 
id  for  at 
selves  for 
^h,  if  not 


Id 


rity  in  thiw 
is  diu'  hifi'sii- 
i  tV'W  lit'  till' 
1  cxcursidiis 
Huilcd  IVuiii 
(lay,  wliilt' 
I'cut  iicrimls. 
Isii  siplciiuily 
year ;  wliih; 
s  until  IHIH. 


altoir<'tlu'r  uni'easoiiahlo,  to  suppose'  that  a  sca-fariiig  pi'opje 
like  till'  Xortlimeii  could  live  for  three  eeiituries  within  a 
siioi't  voyage  of  this  vast  (.'ontinent,  and  nevoi-  Iteconie 
aware  of  its  existeuee.  A  supposition  like  this  ini[)lios  a 
rare  credulity,  and  wlioevei-  is  <'apal»le  of  believing  it 
must  be  ca[>able  of  believing  almost  anything. 

IJiit  oil  this  point  we  are  not  K'ft  to  conjecture.  The 
whole  decision,  in  the  absence  of  monuments  like  those 
of  (Treenland,  turns  n\)ou  a  (piestion  ot'/ni't.  The  point  is 
this  :  J)()  l/ir  mnnusn'ipls  which  discrihc  tlusc  nv/dijcs  bcloHi/ 
Id  the  i>i'c-(Juh(mbiaH  (ujc .'  If  so,  then  the  Xorthmen  are 
entitled  to  the  credit  of  the  prior  dis^jovery  of  America. 
That  these  manuscripts  belong  to  the  pre-Columliian  age, 
is  as  caitahle  of  demonstration  as  the  fact  that  the  writings 
of  llonier  existed  i)rior  to  the  age  of  Christ.  Before 
intelligent  persons  deny  either  of  these  points  they  must 
iirst  succeed  in  ))lotting  out  ninnl)erless  pages  of  well 
known  history.  The  manuscript  in  which  we  have  ver- 
sions of  all  the  Sagas  relating  to  America  is  found  in  the 
ecilebrated  Coihr  Flat'oini.sis,  a  work  that  was  tinished  in 
the  year  lo87,  oi"  f-5!>'J  at  the  latest.  This  collection,  made 
with  great  care  and  executed  in  the  highest  style  of  art, 
is  now  presei'ved  in  its  integrity'  in  tlie  archives  of  ('oi)en- 
hagen.  'IMiese  manuscripts  were  tor  a  time  supposed  to 
be  lost,  but  wert!  ultimately  found  safely  lodged  in  their 
repository  in  the  monastery  library  of  the  island  of  Flatii, 
from  whence  they  were  transferred  to  Copenhagen  with  a 


''I'lms'  will)  iiniiu'iiii'    tlnii    tlrsi'  maiiusi'i'i|iis,   wliilr  ot'   prcCuliiiiiliiaii 
ori^riii.  liHvi'  lirrii  tuiii piTi mI  with  ainl  intcr|iiihiti'(l,  sliow  tluif  tliry  liaxc  ii<it 

the    lilillti'St    coiI'TIiIIdII  of  tbf   SI'Ui'  lit'  the   (|l|i'Sti"ill,      'I'lii'   aci'oiiiils   of  the 

viiyaircs  III'  \\\K-  Niii'lliiiii'M  til  Anirrii'ii  form  ilio  fr'"'""'"''/''  ot'  Sa;ias 
wiiicji  wdiilil  ai-tiiiilly  lir  (ii'si  iiivr.l  liy  tiir  I'liiiiiiiiUioii  (if  till'  iiari'ativi'S, 
'I'lii'l'i'  is  diily  iiiir  i|Ui'slioii  to  be  liiTJili'il,  ami  that  is  tlir  il'iti  of  llirsi; 
(■oiii|iiisitidiis. 

F 


xlii 


l'|{K('()l,»'.MMI.\\   DISCOVKHV  OF 


liii"<;'(!  <|Uiiiilit_v  of  otlier  litcriiry  iiiiitorial  colUn'tod  from 
various  loi-iilitios.  II"  these  Silicas  Avliicli  refer  to  Aiaerica 
were  iiitei'polatioiis,  it  would  have  early  bceome  apparent, 
as  abundant  means  exist  for  detectint;  frauds;  vet  those 
wlio  liiive  examined  the  Avliole  (|uestion  do  not  tind  any 
evidence  tliat  invalidates  their  historical  statements.  In 
the  absence,  therefore,  of  respeetal)le  testimony  to  the 
coi\trary,  wc  accept  it  as  a  fact  that  tlie  Sa^'as  relating;  to 
Anu'rica  are  the  prochictions  of  the  men  wlio  uave  them 
in  tlieir  i)resent  form  nearly,  if  not  ([uite,  an  entire  century 
before  tlie  age  of  Columbus. 

It  miii'ht  also  l)e  ari'-ued,  if  it  were  at  all  necessary,  that, 
if  these  Sat^as  wei'e  ])0st-Columbian  compositions  drawn 
up  by  Icelanders  who  were  jealous  of  the  fame  of  tlie 
(lencose  navig-ator,  we  shouhl  certainly  be  able  to  point 
iAu  something  eitlier  in  tlieir  structure,  bearing,  or  style 
by  which  it  would  be  indicated.  Yet  such  is  not  the  case. 
Iht  ^e '.I  ;itiugs  reveal  no  anxiety  to  show  the  connection 
of  the  Xorthmen  with  the  great  land  lying  at  the  west. 
The  authors  do  not  see  anything  at  all  remarkable  or 
meritorious  in  the  ex[>lorations,  which  Were  conducted 
sim[»ly  for  the  purpose  of  gain.  Those  marks  which  would 
certainly  have  l)een  im})ressed  by  a  more  modern  writer 
forging  ii  historical  composition  designed  to  show  an 
occupation  of  the  country  before  the  time  of  Columbus, 
are  wholly  wanting.  There  is  no  special  i)leading  or 
rivalry,  and  no  desire  to  show  prior  and  superior  know- 
ledge of  the  country  to  which  the  navigators  had  from 
time  to  time  sailed.  We  only  discover  a  straightforward, 
honest  endeavor  to  tell  the  story  of  certain  meirs  lives. 
This  is  done  in  a  ^in^ple,  artless  way,  and  with  every  indi- 
cation of  a  desii-e  to  mete  out  even  handed  justice  to  all. 
And  candid  readers  who  come  to  the  subject  with  minds 
free  from  prejudice,  will  be  [)owerfully  impressed  with  the 


A.MKUH'A   liV  TlIK  NoHTlIMKN. 


Xllll 


•tod   from 
AuK'rica 


iu-eiit, 


t  tl 
t  find 


nt'utf 


lose 

any 

[u 


•y 


to    tl 


IC 


relating  to 
oavo  them 
ire  century 


sHary 


that, 


ons  drawn 


imo 


of  tl 


le 


le  to  jioint 
4vie 


ig,  or 


-)t  tl 


10  ease. 


connection 
the  west. 


ar 


)le  or 


kal 

•ondiu'ted 

Inch  would 

lorn  wi'itor 


■show 


an 


k'ohnnbus, 
lleading  or 
•'km-  know- 
had  from 
[htforward, 
lien's  lives, 
leverv  indi- 


Itice  to  all. 
ith  minds 
d  with  the 


l»elief  that    they  are  reading    authentic    histories  written 
hv  honest  men.' 


TIlK   1,1'rKliATl'HK  OF  ICKLAND. 


Mi'fore  siieakiiig   iiarticularly  of  the  suhstanee   of  the 


Sag; 


IS    it    Wj 


»e  necessar 


V  to  trace  hrieHv  the 


origin   and 


history  of  Icelandic  literaturi'  in  gi'iieral. 

Wc  have  already  mentioned  the  fact  that  Iceland  was 
mainly  settled  by  Norwegians  of  superior  ((ualities.  And 
this  superiority  was  always  maintained,  though  it  was  some- 
what slow  ill  maiiifi'sting  itself  in  the  form  of  literature, 
j'rior  to  the  year  1000,  the  Kuiiic  alphahet  had  existed  in 
Iceland,  hut   it  was  generally   usi'd  for  the   simplest  pur- 


'I'lii-  liict  tliiii    Mr.   liuiicrdft    has  in    linn 


I  Hist    CXIU'CS; 


S.'.l 


<>{>iiiiiins  111 


opiiositiiin  to  tliis  view  will  tiiirdlv  liiivi-  wci^rlit  with  those  pi  rsims  t'luiiiiiiir 
vitli  tli<'  siilycct.  Wlicii  that,  writer  coiniicisrd  tlic  first  chiiiitcr  cif  his 
Jlittiiiji  of  till'  I'tiififl  Sfdf.in. hi-  m\ii\\t  linvc  bctr  ,'\ciis"il  tor  scttin^f  down 

Ijr,. 


the    1 
shed 


(•(•laiKlii'  Hill  rati  vi's 
tl 


as  shadowv   tallies;  hut,  with   all   the  ki 


lowlidixi 


lllMCl  the  Sllliject  at     |il'eseilt,    we  lia 


ve  a  riirlit   to  look  for  soiiiethiiiif 


Iietter.     It   is  therefore  luisatistiictory  to  hiid    him  ]ier|ietuatiiijr  his  early 
vieMs  ill  each  successive  edition  ot  tli 


e  worK.  wliic 


line  know- 


.f   th 


ihji'ct    hetnived   at   the   lieji-iiiiiine-.      He  tells   us  that   th 


voyayes  "  resi  on  iiiUTiitives  iiit/t/ii'liM/ind  in  t'oriu,  and  nh.wiin  in  iiieanin<f,' 
which  certainly  canni't  he  tlu'  case,     ["'iirtherninre  they  are  "  no'  contein|i<i 


rhicl 


1  IS  true,  (Veil  with  n 


■d  to  .Mr.  Bancroft' 


iiirii  Work. 


'{'he  chief  dociiineiit  is  lUi  interiioliilion  in  the  history  of  Sturle.so 


Ajiiiin, 
This 


cannot  he  true  in  the  sense  intended,  for  .Mr.  Bancroft  conveys  the  idea  that 
till'  iirincipal  narrutive_///'.xi  a|)|>eare<l  in  Sturleson's  history  when  |iuhlislied 
at  a  l((t>    iIkii-     It   is    indeed    well    k 


lloWII     Ilult    one     \ersloll. 


lull 


:l     th 


iriiici|ial  version,  was  iiilcr|iolate(l  in  i'l'iine^kluld's  edition  of  Stiirles<i 


ll< 


■t/iriiif/^ii,  jiriiited    at   ( 'oiieiilui;ii'ii.      Mm    Bancroft    leaches  ihat   th 


relations  are  of  a  modern  date,  while  it  is  well  kimwii  that  ihev 


rlxit 


im   froiii   ('"ili.r   h'hih' 


linisheil   ill  the  vear  toil."),     lie  is 


were  taken 


llliicll 


mistaken    in    siii>|)osinti-   thai    the  iiortlu'rn  Aiitii|uarians  think  any  more 

highly  of  tlie  lllirnitives  in  (|lleStion,  because  they  once  lia|i|ielied  to  he 
|iriiiied  in  coniiectinu  w  ith  Siiirli  ■sou's  j_>-real  work.  1  le  tells  us  I  hat  Sliirle 
son    "could  hardly  have  neejccird  the  discovery  of  a  i-oiiliiieiil."  if  such   an 


evc'iii  had  taken 


>h< 


Bui  this,  it 


d     lie    llluelllliered, 


lle{le||l|>    |||iOll 


XllV 


IM.'Kl  OMMiJIAN    DISCoVKliV  «»l'' 


posL's.'  Jlistorv  iiiid  litonitniv  dorivrd  no  udvaiitai^o,  as 
till'  runes  Wert'  iisfd  cliii'llv  for  indniinu'iital  inscriptions, 
and  torniottocs  and  clianns  on  sui-li  tliin<:-s  as  drinkini;-  cups, 
saci'itical  vi'sscis  and  swords.  Vet  the  people  were  not 
witliout  a  kind  ol' intellectual  stimulus.  It  liad  lon_i>'  l)eeu 
the  custom  to  preserve  tamil;  and  general  histories,  and 
recite  tliem  from  memory  as  occasion  seemed  to  warrant. 
This  was  done  with  a  wonderful  degree  of  accuracy  and 
fidelity,  hy  men  more  or  U'ss  trained  lor  the  jiuriiose,  and 
wliose  i»erformanccs  at  times  were  altogetlier  surprising. 
They  also  liad  their  scalds  or  poets,  who  were  accustomed 
hotli  to  ro[»eat  the  old  songs  and  poems  and  extemporize 


irltillii  I'  <ir  iiiit  tltf  illxriinri/  "v/.v  rdiiKiih  I'ld  of  iiiii/  jiiirfic'^iir  iin/nirfinuu  . 
Tliis  (Iocs  iKit  !i])iifiir  t(i  liiivc  liccii  tlii'Ciisi'.  Tlir  liict  is  iiKwIicrc  dwell  ii|i(iii 
tortile  lilir|iose  ot'  exullillji'  tlic  iietors,  Hesides,  us  liilill<i'  well  uliserves. 
tile  discovery  of  land  lit  tile  west  liild  ilotliiiiy  to  do  with  liis  siilijcct.  wliicli 
wus  tlie  history  of  tlie  kiiijis  of  Norwiiy.  'I'lie  discovery  of  America  yave 
rise  to  a  little  tratlic,  and  iiotliinjj  more.  Moreover  the  kinjfs  of  Norway 
took  MO  jiart,  m  n  ikiI  tin  piilroni^  of  tin  iiiinf/iifnrx.  and  had  no  injliiiiirc 
(ritiiti  ri  f  ill  iiiffiti/ti/i;/  a  kIiiijIi  i'diihhc.  Mr.  Hancroft's  last  olijection  is 
tliat  \'inluiid,  the  ))iace  discovered,  "  has  lieen  soiiirht  in  all  directions  from 
(ireeiiluiid  and  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Africa."  This  ]>arae;ra|ili  also  con- 
veys a  false  view  of  the  siihject,  since  the  location  of  Vinlaiid  was  as 
well  known  to  the  Norlhineii  as  the  situation  of  Ireland,  with  which  island 
they  had  iiniiiterriiiited  coinniiinication.  It  is  to  he  earnestly  hoped  that 
in  the  next  edition,  Mr.  Hancrolt  may  lie  jiersiiaded  to  revise  his  imfoiinded 
o|iinioiis. 

Washinji'ton  Irviny  has  expressed  the  same  doiilit  in  his  liil'e  of  Colniii- 
Inis,  irri'lti  ii  liifni'i  tin  nii  mix  af  < .riniiliiiiiu  thin  f/ii(xfiii/i  irrn  ji/nrct/  in't/iin 
hix  n(ii'li.\\.w\  in  the  ajipi'iKlix  of  his  work  he  mixes  the  idle  tali's  of  St. 
Uraiidiin's  Isle  with  the  aiilheiitic  histories  of  the  .Northmen.  A  very 
limited  iiKpiiry  would  have  led  him  ton  ditU'reiit  eslimiite. 

'The  word  nine  comes  from  /////.  a  furrow.  Odin  has  the  credit  of  the 
invention,  yet  they  are  prolmlily  of  I'lieiiician  ori;j:iii.  They  were  some- 
times iiseil  tor  poetical  purposes,  llalmiiiid,  in  the  (irettir  Sajj;a(see  Sabiiiff 
Harinji'  (ioiild's  AvAo;'/),  says  to  his  daiiji'hter :  "Thou  shalt  now  listen 
whilst  1  relate  my  deeds,  and  siiiy  thereof  a  sonti,  wliidi  thou  shall  after 
wards  cut  upon  a  sliitl."  Tlii>  iiidicalrs  l  lie  I  raiiiiiii!  ihr  iiiiiiniiv  iiiii>l  lia\  c 
iiiidei'e-one  amoiie-  the  Northmen. 


4 


A.MKHICA   15V    I'llK  NoUTllMKN. 


Xlv 


iiiitaice,  art 

^icriptioiis, 

kiiii!;  I'lijis, 

wx'vv  not 

;oi'ies,  and 
;)  wavnii\t. 
iiracy  and 
rposL',  and 
^urpririini:;. 

•CMStoniCMl 

:ti'ni[)()i'i/,o 

'  iiii/xirtinii'i . 
VI'  dwelt  iipciii 

\r\\    (iliscrvrs, 

ulijcct.  wliicli 
\m('i'icii  yiivc 
rs  of  Ndi'vvay 
/III  liijliii  tin- 
iilijcction  is 
rcctioiis  fnim 

1    illsil     COll- 

11(1  WHS  iis 
liicli  island 
liii|M'(l  iliat 
Ulllnuildrd 

'  (if  Coluiu- 
liiriil  irit/iiii 
talcs  of  St. 
A    vci'y 

•fi'dit  (if  the 

were  soillc- 

1  (sec  Saliiii(i' 

now   listen 

halt   after- 

\  iiKOI  lia\i' 


t 


M 


Ui'W  oiicri.  Kvcry  i^ood  iiirlitor  was  t'X|i(M't('d  to  jirovi- 
liinisi'lt'ii  jioc't  wJu-n  tlu'  t'nu'i-i^cncy  r('(|nirt'd  it.  Tliis  |iro- 
t'c'ssion  was  stronirly  cnconrairod.  When  l\\'viiid  SkiahK's- 
jiildoi"  sani;  liis  u;ri'at  sonu'  in  in'aisi'  of  Icclaiul  rviTV 
pi'asant  in  tlic  island,  it  is  said,  c-ontrihuti-d  tlirci!  pieces  of 
silver  to  buy  a  clasp  for  his  mantel  of  tifty  marks  wei<;lit. 
These  scalds  were  sometimes  employed  l»y  the  politicians, 
and  on  one  occasion  a  satire  so  nettled  Harold,  kinif  of 
Denmark,  that  he  sent  a  licet  to  I'avau'e  the  ishmd,  and 
made  tlu;  repetition  an  ott'eiise  punishahK'  with  death. 
Tlu'se  poets  also  went  to  Kniiiand,  to  the  Orkneys  and  to 
Norway,  where  at  the  kin<i-'s  court  they  were  lu'ld  in  the 
liii^hest  estimation,  turnishinL';  poetical  effusions  on  every 
]iul»lii'  or  private  occasion  which  demanded  the  exercise  of 
their  liilts.  The  dcij-ree  to  wliich  tliev  had  cultivated  their 
iii.'iiiories  was  snrprisiiii;'.  Old  Jilind  Skald  Stnf  coidd 
repeat  hetween  two  and  three  liundred  poems  without 
lialtinij;  while  tiie  Saga-men  had  the  same  power  of 
memory,  which  we  know  may  ho  improved  to  almost  any 
exti'ut  by  cultivation.  IJut  with  the  adveid  of  (Miristianity 
came  tlie  lioman  alphabet,  which  pi-oved  an  easy  nu'thod 
of  expressiiii,^  thouu'lit.  Christianity,  however,  did  not 
stop  here.  Its  service  was  a  i-easonable  servici',  and 
demanded  of  its  votaries  a  hiu'li  intclliu'ciice.  The  priest 
of  Odin  need  do  no  moi-e  than  to  recite  a  short  vow,  or 
mutter  a  bi-iel'  prayer.  IFe  had  no  divine  records  to  read 
and  to  explain.  I'ut  the  ministerof  the  new  reliirion  cami^ 
with  a  system  that  di'iiuinded  broader  Icarniny-  and  cid- 
ture  than  that  implied  in  extemporaneous  soiio-s.  His 
callinii'  re([uired  the  aid  of  books,  and  the  very  sioht  ol' 
such  tliinii's  proved  a  mental  stimulus  to  this  hard-brained 
race.  I'esidt's,  Christianity  o|icned  to  tlie  minds  of  the 
people  new  fields  of  thoiio-ht.  These  rude  sons  of  war  soon 
beoan  to  understand  tln're  were  certain  victories,  not  to 
be  despised,  that  nnirht  b(>  o-aiiied  thronu'li  peace,  and  somi 


xlvi 


iM{i;((»i,r.Mui.\N  i)is((»vKi{v  or 


letters  ciiiiio  to  l)t'  some  what  tiiiniliar  to  the  iml)!!!;  iiiiinl. 
Tlu'  earliest  written  etloi'ts  very  iiatufallv  I'elati'c!  to  tlic 
lives  ot'  the  Saints,  wliieli  on  Sundays  and  holy  days  were 
read  ill  public  lor  the  e(lifleation  ol"  tlu!  j)eo|ile.  biii'in!.'; 
the  »'li^veiitli  eeiitury  tlu'se  i-xcreiscs  shared  the  |»ul»lie 
attention  with  those  of  the  professional  Sana-man,  who 
still  laliored  to  liand  down  tlic  oral  versions  of  the  national 
history  and  traditions.  But  in  the  l)ei;iiinin<r  of  the 
twellth  eentury  the  use  of  letters  was  extended,  and,  ere- 
loiiif,  the  Saija-nnin  found  his  oeeiiiiatioii  irone,  the  national 
historv  now  ])ein<;  diliii-eiitlv  i;atlieri'd  u|»  hv  zealous 
students  and  serilu's  and  eommitte<l  to  the  more  lastim:: 
eiistody  of  th(^  written  paue.  Amoui;  tliese  was  Ari  Frode, 
Vv'ho  l»e<;an  the  eom|iilation  of  the  leelandie  Dnoins-ihui 
Boiih,  whieh  contained  the  reeoi'ds  ot"  all  the  early  settlers. 
Scarcely  less  useful  was  Saunund  the  Wise,  who  collected 
the  poetical  litcM'atiire  of  the  North  and  arranu'ed  it  in  a 
goodly  tiniie.  The  example  of  these  y'reat  men  was 
followed,  and  by  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century  all  the 
Sa_n'as  relatiiiij  to  the  paiiaii  i)eriod  of  the  country  had  lieeu 
re(luc;ed  to  writing.  This  was  an  era  of  great  literary 
activity,  and  the  century  following  showed  tlie  same  zeal. 
Finally  Iceland  possessed  a  body  of  prose  literature  supe- 
rior in  (juantity  and  value  to  that  of  any  other  modern 
nation  of  its  time.'  Indeed,  the  natives  of  Furoite  at  this 
period  had  no  prose  or  other  species  of  literature  hardly 
worthy  of  the  name  :  and,  taken  altogeth*-'r,  the  Sagas 
fornu'd  tin'  first  prose  literature  in  any  modern  language 
spoken  by  the  people.-  Says  Sir  Fidmiiiid  ili'ad,  "  Xo 
doubt  there  were  translations  in  Anglo-Saxon  from  the 
J^atin,  by  Alfred,  oi'an  earlier  date,  but  there  was  in  truth 


'  I'ltr    ii   list   111'   niiiiiy   ii'cliiiidir   wnrks,  si'c    iln'    liiii'ciliii'iinii  nf  Liiiim''s 
-Sit  Sir  i'"iliinm(i  llcadV   Vi'i/n  (ihi,i'  S:i;/ii.  |i|i.  viii  iiuil  i\. 


^ 


AMKlMt'A   in     rilK  NdlMIIMKN. 


X I  \'  1 1 


ililii;  iii'ikI. 
iti'(i  to  flic 
(lays  wiTc 
0.  I)iii'iii!.'; 
tlio  piililic 
-iimu,  who 
he  luitioiial 
iiu:  of  the 
il,  and,  I'l'c- 
:lic  natioiitil 
h_v  zi'alous 
ore  histinu' 
A\'\  Fro<U', 

l)(HtlliS-tl(lll 

rly  settliT.s, 

lO  collected 

itjed  it  in  u 

j    men    was 

iry  all   the 

y  had  heeii 

at    literary 

same  zeal. 

dure  supe- 

LT  modern 

Dpe  at   this 

lire  hardly 

the  Say-as 

lanij^nan'e 

cad,  "Xo 

from  the 

IS  in  truth 

III  iif  Liiiiiu's 


IK)  Vernacular  literature.  I  I'annot  name,"  he  says,  ••  any 
Work  in  liiL:h  or  low  (Jerman  pi'ose  which  can  he  carried 
hack  to  thi-^  period.  In  France,  pr^ise  writiiiir  cannot  he 
said  to  ha\-c  hcu'iMi  het'orc  the  tinu- of  \'ill"liardouiii  (li'dj). 
and  doinville  (1-jOi').  Castilian  prose  certainly  did  not 
commence  hi'forc  tlu'  time  of  .Mfonso  X  (li'.'»:2).  l>on 
.luan  Manvel,  the  author  of  the  ('(nulf  Ijitcniior,  was  not 
horn  till  ]'2X'2.  The  Cvniiini  (Itmnd  dc  l^spinm  was  not 
composed  till  at  least  the  middle  of  the  tliirtccnt li  century. 
y\hout  the  same  time  the  lany'iian'c  of  Italy  was  aciiuiriny' 
that  softness  and  strcnu'th  which  w«'ri'  dt'stined  to  ap|icar 
so  conspicuously  in  the  prose  of  Uoccaccio,  and  thi'  writers 
of  tlu-  next  century.""  ' 

Vet  while  othi-r  nations  were  witliout  a  literature  the 
inti'llect  of  Iceland  was  in  active  exercise,  and  works  were 
produccfl  like  the  Kihlns  and  the  If(i)iis/,rinf//'i,  works 
which  heinii'  inspired  hy  a  lol'ty  ii'cnius  will  rank  with  the 
writiiiii's  of  Homer  and  Herodotus  while  time  itselt"  endures. 

l>ut  in  the  heijinnint;  of  the  sixteenth  century  the  litera- 
ture of  [celaml  ultimately  reached  the  period  of  its  greatest 
excellence  and  lte<i'an  to  decline.  Books  in  eonsiderahle 
iiund)ers  always  continued  to  he  written,  thoun'h  works  of 
positive  u'cnius  wi-re  wantimj;.  Vvt  in  Iceland  there  has 
never  heen  an  ahsence  of  literary  industry,  while  diirinu' 
the  recent  jieriod  tlu;  natiomd  reputation  has  heen  sus- 
tained hy  Finn  Mau-nussen  aiul  similar  y^rcat  mimes.  Om- 
hundred  vears  het'orc  the  IMvmouth  colonists,  t'ollowin"-  in 
the  track  ol  'riu)rwald  Kricson,  landed  on  the  sands  of  Cape 
('od,  the  people  of  Iceland  had  set  U[i  the  printiny'  press, 
and  produced  numerous  works  hoth  in  tlu'  native  lanii'u:ii.-o 
ami  the  Latin  ton<'Uc. 


'  iliid.  ()t'ciiiii>f  there  Wiis  JiKiri' (ir  li- s  ]Hiciry,  yc't  iidetrv  is  smiictliini'' 
tlllll  is  c'iirlv  (levclii|iiMl  ;iliiii||o-  tlir  niilc.-t  lliiliiins,  wliili-  ompil  IU'dSc  tells 
tliiit  II  |ieipiiie  have  liecoiiie  hiehjy  ail\  iilli-e(l  ill  luelital  cull  me. 


xlviii 


I'liKCoMMHlAN    DISCoNKin    (»K 


It  is  to  this  |i('(»|i|»',  wlioiii  Sii.\(i  ( Iranmiiitii'iis  |M(iiits  out 
:is  ii  pco|iU'  (li.stiii!.niislic(l  lor  ilnii'  devotion  to  It  tttis,  that 
\vv  arc  iiidi'htctl  lor  tlii'  iiarrativi-s  of  tlic  ]ii'c-(-oluiiihiaii 
V()ya,u;os  to  Aiiit'ii<'a.  Thotiifli  liist  a r rancid  lor  oral  reci- 
tation, Iht'SL'  Saigas  wcit  alUTUaids  coinmittt'd  to  nianii- 
script,  the  earliest  ot"  which  do  not  n(»\v  exist,  and  were 
linallv  proservtMl  in  the  eolohrated  Flat(t  eollection  nearly 
aeentiiry  hetore  the  rediscovery  of  Anieriea  hy  Colli' 

l»ut  it  is  no  longer  neeossary  to  s|»en(l  much  til..  >»ii 
this  |ioint,  since*  tho  character  and  value  of  the  Icelandic 
writinu's  have  come  to  he  so  gi'iierally  ackiiowledu'cd,  and 
c's[)ccially  since  si-holar.s  and  uiiti(|uarians  like  liiiinholt 
have  I'lilly  acknowlcdin-cd  their  authenticity  and  authority. 

It  is  |>r(»)ier  to  notice  here  the  liict  that  not  a  lew  have 
iina,i:;iiied  that  the  claims  of  the  Northmen  have  hi'cn 
brought  forward  to  detract  from  the  fame  of  Columhus;  ' 
yet,  nothiiiii;  could  he  farther  from  the  truth,  since  no  one 
denies  that  it  was  by  the  discovery  of  America  hy  Colum- 
hns  that  the  continent  tirst  became  of  value  to  the  Old 
World.  The  Northmen  came  and  went  away  witi  t 
act'omitlishiuii,'  any  thiiiii'  of  lasting  value;  yet,  becaiu 
world  at  large  <lerived  no  benefit  from  their  discovery,  it  is 
certainly  unjust  to  deny  its  reality. 


'As  caviv  lis  1-11 1 ,  tlicii'  wiis  ii  ('(iiisidcrMlilc  tnidc  Ipctwcfii  I5iistiil  jukI 
Irt'laiid. 1111(1  ('iiliiiiil)us  visited  Icrliiiid  in  tlu' spriiiii' nf  ilic  year  1177,  wlicrc 
hv  iin'i/fif  iia\c  lui't  .Ma;;iuis  l^voHsdii,  tlic  iii-iinji  of  Slvallioit,  or  icaninl 
IVniii  siiiiic  oiiii'i'  scliiilar  tiir  tacts  in  I'cialinn  tn  the  cafly  Icelandic  dis 
ciivei'ies.  'riiduyli  IJat'ii  sniijiDses  tliat  i>y  his  visit,  liis  (iiiininns,  |ireviuusl\- 
t'cii'nii'd  I'cefardiny  the  existence  uf  tlie  Westefn  cdntineiit,  were  ('(intirnied. 
tliis  is  lint  alt(iy:etlier  dear.  ti>r  the  reason  that  Cnliiiiilius  was  not  seeiiiny; 
a  new  continent,  iiiit  a  route  to  the  Indies,  which  In^  lielieved  he  sliould 
lind  li.v  sailinji'  west.  Accoi'dinely  wtii'ii  he  t'oiind  land  he  called  it  the 
ll'i.v^  Indies,  siiiijiosine' that  lie  had  reached  the  extreme  honndary  ot'  the 
h'li.st  Indies.  Irviiiii'  tells  lis  that  Coliinihiis  loiinded  his  theory  on  (1),  the 
nature  of  t  hi  lies;  ('.•),  the  tuithority  of  leunied  writers:  (:!).  the  reports  of 
iia\  iealois. 


AMKIMCA  m    rilK  NttlfTII.MKN. 


XlIX 


■«  |i(iints  t»iit 
U'tti'i-s,  that 
-('iiltiiiil)iaii 
)!•  onil  ri'ci- 
(1  to  iiiatm- 
,  and  wfi'c 
tiou   nearly 

Colli'  ■ 
c-li  til..  .<ii 
If  Ici'laiidit' 
K'diivd,  and 
;('  iliuuholt 
d  authority. 

a  lew  have 

luivo  hi'cn 
['ohiinbus: ' 
<iiu't'  no  one 
I  by  C'ohun- 

to  the  (Md 
ay    witl      t 

hi'i-aiu 

•overv,  it  is 


Hristiil  iiiKJ 


111 


di 


liilt .  or  Icariii'd 


IcrliUKlIC   (lis 


pI'I'Vlolli 


Ov 


Icrc  ('(inlinucil. 

Is   IKit    scrliill"' 


d  li 


lid 


■illird    it    till' 

liiiiiliiry  111'  till' 
Idl'V  nil  ( 1 ),  tlic 
Itlli'    rejicilts  of 


The  tart  that  thi'  N'oi'thnifii  kin'W  of  tin-  cxistcni'c  of 
the  Wi's^ttTii  Contlni'tit,  jirior  to  \\\v  ai-i'  of  ('ohitnhus,  was 
[H'oniini-ntly  l)roMii'ht  hct'orc  the  |ic(i|ih'  ot"  this  country  in 
the  year  1H;}7,  when  th«'  Uoyal  Society  of  Northern  Anti- 
((uai'ians  at  ('o|H'nlia<;en  |>ul)llshi'(l  their  work  on  the 
Aiitiiiuities  of  Xoi'tli  America,  under  the  editorial  sui>i'rvi- 
sion  of  that  irreiif  Icehmdic  scliohir,  I'rotessor  Itafn.  I5ut 
we  are  not  to  su|»|M»se  that  the  first  i;eneral  account  of 
tliese  voyai^es  was  then  ijiven,  for  it  has  always  been 
known  tliat  the  history  of  certain  early  voyages  to  America 
by  the  Xorthinen  were  prescrvi'd  in  the  libraries  of  Den- 
mark and  leelund.'  Torfieiis,  as  early  as  170ti,  published 
his  work  on  (ireenland,  wjiieh  threw  much  li<;iit  on  the 
subject.  We  find  accounts  of  these  discoveries  in  the 
works  of  Eu-edi'  atid  ('rant/.  A  verv  intelligent  sket<'h, 
at  least  for  those  times,  was  s^iven  by  .1.  Ileinhold  Fors- 
ter,  who  frankly  concedes  the  pre-Columbian  discovery 
of  America,  in  a  llistorn  of  the  V^oijro/cs  'tnd  Uiscorcrics 
iii'tdt'  ill  die  Aurlh.  iioliertson  speaks  of  them  in  his 
Jlishrij  of  Amcrlrd,  but  .says  that  he  is  unable  to  give  an 


'  Adiini  lit'  Hrciiicii  cvi'ii  heard  of  the  fN|ploits  of  tlic  Xortlniii'ii  in  Viii 
liiiid,  and  iiiadi'  nu'iilion  of  tliat  country.  Hut  as  it  iiilijlit  lie  said  tliat  Ids 
worii  did  noi  apiicar  until  al'trr  tin'  voyaifi'  of  ('oIiiiiiImis,  and  that  the 
rcfcrciici'  may  ln'  an  intci'iiolalion,  tin'  author  dors  not   rest  iinythiiijr  mioii 


It. 


Still   he  iint|in'stioniilily  knew  of  the  voyayes  of  the  Northini' 


1i 


livi'd  near  the  time  they  were  iinidi',  and  wrote  his  ecch'siastical  history  in 
nliont  the  year  lOT."),  after  he  had  iimde  a  visit  to  Kinjj  Sweiio  of  I)eiimark, 
and  had  aecmniilated  mnch  mati'rial.  'I'he  ])assu)fe  in  (|iiestion  is  as 
follows:  "  Uesiiles,  it  was  stated  |liy  the  kin^r)  that  a  reijion  had  been  dis- 
covered hy  many  in  that  |the  western  |  oeean,  which  was  called  Winlaiul, 
Ix'ciiuse  vines  jrrow  tliere  siiontaiieoiisly.  inakine;  excellent  wine;  for  tliat 
fruits,  not  iilantfd,  y;row  there  of  their  own  accord,  we  know  not  hy  false 
rumor,  Imt  l>v  tlu rtaiii  testiiiionv  of  the  Danes." 


Tl 


le  verv  ancieli 


1 1-' 


I'se  liallad  of  i-'inn  the  llaiiilf^ 


line  (see 


l{ 


afn's 


Aiiti 


(/iiifiifi.t  Anil  ri ■iiiKi'.  \).   olll).  alsi iitains    references  to    \'iiiland.  which 

indii'ates   that  the   countrv 


was    known  as  wi 


II 


Ipv   the 


Irish 


th 


Icel 


anders. 


(t 


1 


I'HKCOI.CMIMAN   DISI  OVKI}  V  <H' 


mtolliuciit  oiiiuioii.  IikUhmI.  tlic  most  of  tlio  oldrr  anil 
more  comprelicnsiw'  w  riti'is  >x\vv  the  Northmen  reeoyni- 
tioii.  Vet,  owiiiii'  to  the  fact  that  tlie  leelaiulle  hmynage, 
though  simple  in  eonstruetion  and  easy  of  ae(|ui.sition,  was 
a  tongue  not  understood  liy  sehohu-s,  the  subject  luis 
until  reeeul  years  Iteen  sutfered  to  lie  in  the  hack  ground, 
and  permitted,  through  a  want  of  inti'rest,  to  share,  in  a 
nu?asure,  the  treatment  meted  out  to  vague  aiul  uncertain 
ro{)orts,  l>ut  tlie  well-directed  etforts  of  the  Xorthi'm 
Auti(iuarians  ot"  Denmark,  supporti'd  hy  the  enlightened 
/eal  of  scholia's  and  historians  in  Kngland,  Franco  and 
(Jermany,  have  done  much  to  dispel  popuhu-  ignorance, 
and  to  place  the  whole  question  in  its  true  hearing  before 
the  people  of  all  the  princijtal  t-ivilized  nations.  In  our 
own  country,  the  work  of  Professor  IJafn,  already  alluded 
to,  has  i'reated  a  deep  and  wide-spread  conviction  of  the 
n-ality  of  the  iS'orthman's  claim,  and  bas  elicited  confes- 
sions like  that  of  ralfrey,  who  is  obliged  to  say  ol'  the 
Icelandic  records  that,  "their  anticfuity  and  genuineness 
appear  to  be  well  established,  nor  is  there  anything  to 
bring  their  credibility  into  cpiestion,  bcycuid  the  general 
doubt  wl'iich  always  attaches  to  what  is  new  or  strange."  ' 

'nil-:  .N.\i;i{A'nvKs. 

it  now  remains  to  giw  the  reader  soni.^  general  account 
of  tlu'  contents  of  the  narratives  which  relate  more  or  less 
to  the  discovery  of  the  Western  continent.  In  doing  this, 
the  order  followed  will  be  (hat  which  is  indicati'd  by  the 
table  of  contents  at  the  beginning  of  the  volume. 

The  tir.'-.t  extracts  given  are  very  brief.  They  are  taken 
from  the  JAnidnnaiiut  Book,  and  relate  to  the  report  in 
general  circulation,  which  indicati'd  one  (iunnbiorn  as  the 


llisli'r,/  <if  \i(r  HiiijhiKiK  \ii|.  II   |i.  ,'i:!. 


^ 


older  Jiiid 
II  roc'oi^ni- 

langnago, 
sition,  was 
Libjoc't  has 
'k  groin ul, 
sliaro,  in  a 

nneortain 

Nortlu'rii 
nliji'litoiied 
raiK'u  and 
iii'iioraiU'O, 
•iiiii'  1)0  to  re 
■s.  In  onr 
(ly  allnded 
tion  of  tlie 
ed  eonl'es- 
i\\  of  the 
.'nninonoss 
lythiiiii'  to 
lie  general 
stranuv."  ' 


•a I  aeeonnt 
)re  or  less 
doing  this, 
ed  l)v  the 

are  taki-n 

repoi'l    in 

iorii  as  the 


A.MKKICA    liV  TllH  NORTII.MKX.  |j 

discoverer  of  Greenland,  an  event  whieh  has  heen  fixed 
at  the  year  87».!.  Tliese  fragments  also  give  an  aeeonnt  of 
a  voyage  to  whai  was  eaUed  (;nnnl)i(M-n's  Roeks,  where 
the  adventnrers  ])assed  the  winter,  and  fotnid  in  a  hole,  or 
excavation,  a  sum  of  money,  which  indicated  that  others 
had  heen  there  heforc  them. 

The  next  narrative  relates  t.)  tlie  rediscovery  of  (freen- 
htiHl  hy  the  oiithiw,  Kric  the  lied,  i„  US:!,  who  there  passed 
three  years  in  exih-,  and  afterwards  returned  to  Icehuid. 
Ah.mt  tile  year  DSC,  he  hroiight  out  to  (Jreeiiiand  a, 
eousiderahle  c.lotiy  „f  settlers,  v.lio  fixed  their  ahode  at 
I'rattahlid,  in  Kricsjionj. 

1'hen  follows  two  versions  oi"  the  voyage  of  IJiarne 
Heriuhson,  who,  in  the  same  year,  itSC,  when  sailing  for 
(Jreeuland.  was  ilriven  away  during  a  storm,  and  saw  a 
new  land  at  the  southward,  which  he  di.l  not  visit. 

Next  is  given  three  a^rounts  of  the  vovage  of  Leif,  son 
ot  Kric  the  Ke.l,  who  in  the  year  1000  sailed  from  Urattah- 
I'O  to  tmd  the  hni.l  which  jJiarne  saw.  Two  of  these 
accounts  are  hardly  more  than  notices  of  the  voya-e   hut 

the  thn.l  ,s  of  conslderal.le  length,  a,Hl  details  thesuccesses 
'"»  '^^'d,  who  (bund  a.id  explored  this  new  land,  where 
1'^'  spent  the  winter,  returning  to  (ireeidan.I  the  Ibllowin- 
spring.  '"" 

Alter    this    follows    the    voyage    of    Thorvald     Kri.-son 
•'-ter  of  !..,,;  who  sailed  ..   Viuland  tVom  (i.veulami; 
;vh.ch  was    the    point  of  departure   in   a.,    these   vova-es 
Ih.s    expeditiM,    was  hegun  in    lO.H    and   it   cost   Idm'"^his 
I'Kj's  an  arrow  from  one  of  the   natives  ph,vnl   his  side 
causing  death.  ' 

.  Thorstein.  his  h.-other.  went  to  seek  Vinland,  with  the 
■"♦^■"^">"  "f  '"''Mging  home  his  hody.  hut  failed  in  the 
^'"-"l;''  -"!   -as    driw.n    oack,  passing    ,h..    winter  in   a 

I'";'"'  '"•'•^'"'■•""1  ■•""lote  from  Mralfahlid.  where  h...lU.d 
'"'l"re  the  spring  fully  opened. 


lii 


I'HE-fOJJ'MHIAN  DISCOVEKV  OF 


The  most  (listiiisi'iiislicd  explorer  was  Thortinn  Karlsethe, 
the  Hopeful,  an  [eelaiuler  wliosc^  sreiieal()<;y  runs  ])aek 
in  the  old  Northern  annals,  tlirongh  Danish,  Swedish,  and 
even  Seoteli  and  Irisli  ancc-<tors,  some  of  wliom  were  of 
royal  blood.  In  tlie  3'ear  lOOtl  he  went  to  Greenland,  where 
he  met  ( Judrid,  widow  of  Thorstein,  whom  he  married. 
Accompanied  hy  his  wife,  who  iirgi'd  him  to  tlie  nnder- 
tal<in<2;,  lie  sailed  to  Vinland  in  the  spring  of  1007,  with 
three  vessels  and  one  hundred  !'"d  sixty  men,  where  he 
remained  three  years.  Jlere  his  son  Snori'e  was  horn.  He 
alterwards  became  the  founder  of  a  great  Jlyin  Iceland, 
which  gave  the  island  several  of  its  tirst  bis.iops.  Thortiim 
tinally  left  \'inland  because  he  found  it  ditHcult  to  sustain 
himself  against  the  attacks  of  the  natives.  They  spent 
the  most  of  their  time  in  the  vicinity  of  Mount  Hope  Bay 
in  Rhode  Island.  Of  this  expedition  we  have  three  narra- 
tives, all  oi'  wiiich  are  given. 

The  next  to  undertake  a  vo3'agc  was  a  wicked  woman 
named  Freydis,  a  sister  to  Leif  Ericson,  who  went  to  Vin- 
land in  1011,  where  she  lived  for  a  time  with  her  two 
ships'  crews  in  the  same  places  ocenpied  by  Leif  and 
Thortinn.  Jieforc  she  returned,  she  caused  the  crew  of 
one  ship  to  be  cruelly  murdered,  assisting  in  the  butchery 
with  hi'r  own  hands. 

After  this  wc  have  what  are  called  the  Minor  Narratives, 
which  are  not  essential,  yet  they  are  given  that  the  reader 
may  be  in  the  possession  of  all  that  relates  to  the  subject. 
The  first  of  these  refers  to  a  voyage  of  Are  Marson  to  a 
land  southwest  of  Ireland,  called  Hvitrammana-Iand,  or 
Great  Ireland.  This  was  iirior  to  Leif's  vovau'c  to  Yin- 
land,  or  New  Kngland,  taking  ]»lace  in  the  year  l»8o. 
liiorn  Asbi'andson  is  supposed  to  have  gone  to  the  same 
place  in  W\).  The  voyage  of  Oudleif,  who  went  thither,  is 
assigned  to  the  year  1027.  The  narrative  of  Asbrand  .on 
is  y;iven  for  the  sake  of  the  allusion  at  the  close. 


J 


AMEHU  A  BV  THE  NOHTIIMEN. 


Im 


I  Kiirlsefno, 
runs  back 
vodisli,  and 
)ni  were  of 
and,  wliere 
0  mari'iod. 
tlio  under- 
1007,  witli 
,  where  lie 
born.  He 
in  Iceland, 
Thorfinn 
:  to  sii stain 
rhey  .spent 
Hope  Bay 
iree  narra- 

ed  woman 
!nt  to  Vin- 
h  her  two 
Leif  and 
le  crew  of 
i  l»ntcliery 

"Narratives, 
tlie  reader 
'le  subject, 
irson  to  51 
a-land,  or 
gc  to  Yin- 
year  08:5. 
the  same 
thither,  is 
sl)rand^on 


Finally  we  have  a  few  scraps  of  liistory  wliich  speak  of 
a  voyage  of  iJishop  Eric  to  Vinland  in  1121,  of  the  i-eihs- 
covery  of  Helluland  (Newfoundland)  in  1285,  and  of  a 
voya,i,a'  to  Markland  (Nova.  Scotia)  in  li]47,  whither  the 
Norihmeii  came  to  cut  timber.  Witli  such  l)rief  notices 
tlie  accounts  come  to  an  end. 


THE  TIUTHFILNESS  Ol-'  THE  XAKHATIVES. 

The   reader  will  occasionally  find    in    tliese   nai-ratives 
instances  of  a  marvelous  and  supernatural  character,  but 
there  is  nothing  at  all  mythological,  as  persons  ignorant  of 
their  nature  have  supposed.     Besides  there  are  nmltitudes 
of  narratives  of  a  later  date,  to  be  found  in  all  languages, 
which  contain  as  many  statements  of  a  marvelous' Hatm-e' 
as  these  Sagas,  which  are  nevertheless  believed  to  contain  a 
substantial  and  reliable  ground-work  of  truth.     All  early 
histories  aboimd  in  the  supernatural,  and  these  things  are 
so  well  known  that  illustrations  are  hardly  needed  liere. 
The  relation  of  prodigies  in  no  wise  destroys  the  credibility 
of  historical  statement.     If  this  were  not  so,  we  should  be 
obliged  to   discard   the   greater   portion   of  well    known 
history,  and  even    suspect  plain    matters  of  fact    in    the 
writings  of  such  men  as  J),-.  .Johnson,  because  that  .^vat 
scholar  fully  believed  in  the  reality  of  an  apparition  known 
•  M   London  as  the  Cock-Lane  Ghost.     The  Sagas  are  as 
tree  from  sui.erstition  and  imagination  as  anv  other  reli- 
able narratives  of  that  age,  and  just  as  much  entitled  to 
belief. 

There  will  also,  in  certain  cases,  be  found  contradic- 
tions. The  statements  of  the  difleront  narratives  do  not 
always  coindde.  The  disagreements  are,  however,  neither 
very  numerous    nor  remarkable.     The   dis.-repancies  are 


exactly  what  we  should  expect  to  find  in  a  scries  of  narra- 
tives, written  at  <litferent  times   and    by  ditierent  hands. 


rrsr 


li 


IV 


I'HlvCoMMMIAN   DISCoVKKV  OF 


Tlie  men  who  rccordod  tlie  various  cxiioditions  to  New 
Kii^'laiKl  ill  IIk'  c'luvt'iitli  t-eiitiirv  iiiiTcc,  on  the  wliolo, 
•  luite  as  well  as  tlie  writers  ot'  our  own  day,  who,  witli 
vastly  jifreater  advantages,  undertake  to  narrate  tlie  events 
of  the  seeond  colonization  in  the  seventeenth  century.' 

Thei'ei'ore  these  marvelous  statements  and  occasional 
contradictions  in  nowise  detract  iVom  the  historic  value  of 
the  documents  themselves,  which,  evi'u  in  their  very 
truth  In  Incss  to  the  times,  jxive  every  evidence  of  authen- 
ticity and  <i,reat  worth.  'I'o  this  ijeneral  a|iiiearance  of 
truthiulness  wt'  may,  howevi-r,  add  the  force  of  those 
undesi«>-ned  coincidences  hetwi'cn  writi'rs  widely  se|ta- 
rated  and  destitute  of  all  means  of  knowing;  what  had  been 
already  said.  The  same  ari^umcnt  may  he  used  with 
the  Sai^-as  which  has  heen  so  powerfully  em[>loyed  hy 
I'aley  and  others  in  vindicatins:;  the  historical  character  of 
the  Nmv  Ti'stament,  In  th"se  narratives,  as  in  those  of 
Paul  and  .John,  it  may  he  used  with  overwhelminij;  effect. 
Yet  we  do  not  fear  to  dispense  with  all  auxiliary  aids. 
AV^e  are  willini;'  /o  /-(s/  Ijir  trlmlc  (/nrfiiioii  of  (he  nt/jir  of  Ihrsc 
/i(n'riifir(\<:  i/jkhi  f/idr  at/c ;  tor  i I' the  Saijas  date  hack  to  a 
period  lonti:  [)rior  to  the  voyau'e  of  C'ohuubus,  then  the 
Xorthmen  are  entitled  to  the  credit  of.  havini;-  hi'cn  the 
iirst  Kuropcans  to  land   U|»()u   these  shores.      But  the  date 


"riic  lialiiliiy  of  till'  lirst  liisioriiuis  tn  fall  iiitd  fiTof.  is  illiistriitcil  liy 
I'i'.lry.  wild  shows  ilii'  sdioiis  hliiiidcrs  in  tlic  lu'coiiiiis  of  tln'  .Miiii|iiis  of 
Ar^i'vlc's  (Irntli,  in  tin'  I'i'iyn  of  ( 'liiiilcs  II  :  "Lord  ('liircndon  rclntrs  lliut 
lie  was  condrnincil  to  lie  A((//,'/"/,  which  was  |iri'fornii'(l  tin-  xiiiin  day  :  on 
thr  conti'ai'y.  Hurui't,  Woodfow,  Ilrath,  iv'hui'd  concuf  in  statinj^'  that  hi' 
wufi  III  /ii  mil  il.  an<l  that  ln'  was  condeninc'd  npoii  Saturday  and  cxccuti'd  on 
Ntoiiday." — /•'riih  iir,'s  i>f  C/in'sfiiiiu'ti/.  jiart  ill.  chap.  1.  So  Mr.  Maiicroft 
found  it  imiiossihlc  to  u'ivr  with  any  ai'curacy  tlic  location  of  the  {''rcnch 
colony  ot'  St.  Savion.  cstalilislicd  on  the  coast  of  ^^ainl■.  hy  Saussayc,  in 
Kii:'.  Uaiicroft  li'lls  ns  that  it  was  on  the  nortli  hank  of  the  I'cniliscot, 
whil"  it  is  |ii'rfri'ily  well  Known  that  it  was  located  on  the  island  of  >ronnt 
I)esi'rt,  a  lone-  wa\  otfin  the  ,\ilantii-  Ocean. 


j» 


A.MKHK  A   15V  TIIK  NOinilMKN. 


Iv 


s  to  Xew 
In-  wliole, 
who,  witli 
the  events 
itury.' 
occiisioiuil 
ic  viilue  of 
tlieir   very 
of  iuitlieii- 
eiiraiice  of 
I'  of  those 
(lely    sepii- 
t  h;ul  I»een 
used    witli 
iployed  l»y 
ha  meter  of 
ill  those  of 
liiiu;  ettect. 

iarv  aids. 
Ii(r  (\f  llii'sc 

hack  to  a 

.  tlieii  tlie 
hi-eii   the 

t   the  (hite 


illusiiiitcil  \>y 
IC  .Miii'(niis  III' 

1     I'cllltt'S    lllilt 

fiiiii  (lay  :  on 
itiiiy  that   lie 

cxccuti'd  oil 
Mr.  Maticrdt't 
if  the  l''rciich 

Saiissayc.  in 
ir  I'ciiihscnt, 
mil  of  >roiint 


of  these  iia/ratives  has  iiowheeii  settled  heyond  n>asoiiahIc 
(|iiesti(»ii.  1Mif  doul)ts  of  tlie  ahU'st  critical  minds,  hoth  in 
Ein-opi'  and  Anieri<'a,  have  l»eeii  etR'otnally  hnd  to  rest, 
and  the  only  reply  now  <;iven  to  the  Xorthorn  Anti([ua- 
rian  is  some  feehle  parao-rapli  pointed  with  a  sne(>r. 

We  need  not,  tlierefore,  api>ear  helbre  tlie  pnl)lie  to  cry, 
IMace  for  the  Xorthmeii.  They  can  win  their  oirn  place,  as 
of  old.  Tliey  are  as  strono-  to-day  in  ideas,  as  anciently 
in  arms. 

TIIK  AHSKNCK  ()!•'  MOMMKNTS    AND  IfKM  AI.NS. 

That  tlie  Nortlimen  left  no  mominieiits  or  architectural 
remains  in  Xew  Knu'land  is  true,  notwitlistandino;  I'l-o- 
fessoi-  Kafn  supposed  that  he  found  in  the  celehrated 
Diijliton  rock'  and  the  stone  mill  at  Xewjiort,  induhitahle 


'  DiirhtuM  Hock  known  as  the  Wriiiiic-  IJork,  is  siiiiatrii  six  anil  a  half 
mill's  south  of 'raniitoii,  Mass..  on  tlir  cast  siilr  of 'I'aiinton  rivrr.  foi'mnl  hy 
Assnnnit  Ni'i'U.     It  lies  in  thr  I'lleeof  the  river,  and  is  ht'l  dry  at  low  water. 

It  is  a  lioulder  of  lire  urnywaek.  twelve  feet  lono-  iind  live  feet  llieli,  iind 
faces  the  lied  of  the  river.  Its  front  is  now  covered  with  chiseled  inscrip 
tioiis  ot' what  appear  to  lie  letters  and  outlines  of  iiieii,  aniniais  ami  liirds. 
.\s  early  as  the  year  U!S(),  Dr.  l)aiifortli  secured  a  drawiiijr  of  the  upper 
liiirlioii  :  Cotton  .Matlier  made  ti  full  coiiy  in  ITI'2  ;  and  in  ITSS,  Professor 
W'inthrop,  (if  Harvard  Colleirc.  took  a  full  sized  impression  on  prepared 
jiaper.  X'arioiis  other  copies  have  heen  made  at  ditlirent  times,  all  of 
which  |iresent  sul)--tantially  the  same  features.  \  et  in  the  interpretation 
of  the  inscription  there  has  been  little  aefreeineiit.  The  old  ruck  is  a 
riddle,  diinilp  as  the  Sphinx.  .\  copy  of  the  iiisci-iption  was  shown  to  a 
Mohawk  diief,  who  decided  that  it  was  iiolhinef  less  than  the  representa- 
tion of  a  triumph  liy  Indians  over  a  wild  luast  which  took  place  on  this 
spot.  .Mr.  Sclioiilcraft  also  showed  a  eopy  lo  ( 'hiiieuiuik,  an  .Meijuipiin 
Well  versed  in  picture -wriiiny.  who  ua\c  a  similar  iiiterpreiutioii.  The 
Ihiuian  characters  in  the  central  part  ipf  llie  cumpii-itiun  hr  was  tinallv 
iiiiliiccd  to  ri'Jeci.  as  haxiiie-  no  ciiuin'ctiun  with  the  ri>t.  .\iiil  whoever 
cniiipares  this  inscription  with  those  of  unileiiialily  liiilian  oriein  found 
elsewhere,  caiiiiot  fail  to  he  impressed  with  the  similarity.  Nevertheless, 
iiiemliers  of  the    l{oyal  Society  of   .\nt ii|iiariaiis,  to  whose    notice    it   was 


Ivi 


I'HKCOM'MHIAN   DISCOVKHY  OF 


cvi(k'iK'C8  of  the  Icolaiulie  ofoupatioii.  Any  serious  ettbrts 
to  identity  the  Dighton  iiiseriiition  and  the  Newport  Mill 
with  tlie  age  of  the  >N'orthnieu  can  only  serve  to  injnre  a 
good  cause.  If  Professor  Kafn  could  have  seen  these 
ineniorials  himself,  he  would  douhtless  liave  been  among 
the  tirst  to  (juestion  the  trutli  of  the  theory  which  he  set 
forth. 

In  regard  to  th(^  structure  at  Newport,  Trolessor  liafn 
says  that  he  is  inclined  to  believe  "  that  it  had  a  sacred 
destination,  and  that  it  belonged  to  some  monastery  or 
Christian  place  of  worship  of  one  of  the  chief  parishes  in 
Yinland.  In  Greenland,"  he  says,  "  there  are  to  be  found 
ruins  of  several  round  buildings  in  the  vicinity  of  the 
churches.  One  of  this  description,  in  diameter  about 
twenty-six  feet,  is  situated  at  the  distance  of  three  huntb'cd 
feet   to   the   eastward  of  the   great   church    in    Igalliko; 


broujrlit  by  tin-  Hhtxle  Isltiiid  Historical  Society,  felt  stroiiyly  |)crsiiii(l('(l 
tliat  the  rock  bciirs  t'vidcucc  of  the  Nortlimuii's  visit  to  tlicsi'  shores.  Mr. 
Lniiijf,  the  accoiuplislieil  traiishitor  of  the  JIiuii.ikriiii/l((,  in  discussin};  tlie 
theories  in  rejjrard  to  tlie  inscription,  says,  tlnit  the  only  real  reseinhlance  to 
letters  is  found  in  the  middle  of  the  stone,  in  which  antiiiuarians  discover 
the  name  of  'riiortinn.  that  is.  'I'hortinn  Karlsefne,  the  leader  of  the  exitedi- 
tion  which  came  to  New  Knjfland  in  1007.  .Just  over  these  letters  is  a 
character  supiiosed  to  he  Hoiium  also,  which  inay  sijrnify  NA.  or  M.\, 
the  letter  .\  lpi'in<>:  formed  liy  the  hist  liranch  of  M.  Now  .M.\  in  h'elantlic 
is  useii  as  an  aliltreviation  cif  Mtdlr,  which  siynities  the  original  settler  of  a 
country,  ("lose  to  these  two  letters  are  several  numeruls,  construed  to 
nii'an  mii  hnndrid  mnl  Jifti/-oiii.  And  according  to  the  account  of  tlie 
voyae:e.  Thorlinu  lost  niiic  n(  the  hundred  and  sixty  men  with  whom  it  is 
]iresume(l  he  started,  and  therefore  one  huiitlvid  niiif  Jif/i/cnc  wouldexactly 
ex])ress  the  iiiimln'r  with  him  at  the  time  he  is  supjiosed  to  have  cut  the 
inscriiition.  This.  then,  would  mean  altojrether,  that  'riiorfinn  Karlsefne 
estulilished  himself  here  with  one  hundred  and  fifty-one  men.  Vet,  as  the 
testimony  of  this  rock  is  not  needed,  we  may  readily  foreyo  any  advantajfe 
that  can  he  derived  from  its  study.  iJesides,  the  history  of  similar  cases 
should  serve  to  tenijier  our  zeal.  In  the  time<)f  Saxo  (irammatticiis  (1 1(10), 
there  was  a  stone  at  Uoliy.  near  Kunamoe,  iii  the  Swedish  province  of 
IJlekiiiji',  which  was  supposed  to  he  sculjitured  with  runes.     M  a  late  day 


'% 
\ 


AMKHICA    in    'I'lIK  NolM'll.MKN. 


IVll 


ous  efforts 
ivi)ort  Mill 
to  injure  a 
leen  these 
en  among 
lit'li  be  set 

;s8or  Ruth 
1  ii  sacred 
nastery  or 
larishes  in 
:)  be  I'onnd 
ity  of  tbe 
?ter  about 
e  liumb'ed 
Igalliko ; 

ly  |)ci'Huii(l('<l 
si  lores.  Mr. 
iissinir  till! 

IllllluIR'C  to 

ins  discover 

tlie  exiie<li- 

letters  is  a 

NA,  or  MA, 

ill  Icehinilic 
settler  of  II 
iiistriied  to 

)\tnt  of  tlie 
wlioiii  it  is 
)ul(leX!U'tly 
liive  cut   till' 

u  Karlsefiie 
Yet.  us  the 

\  iidviiiittljfe 
uilar  cases 

ticus(ll(tO), 
IM'ovilice  .if 

t  a  late  day 


another  of  forty-four  feet  in  diameter,  at  tbe  distain'e  of 
four  liMM(b'o<l  and  lorty  feet  to  tbe  eastward  of  tbe  eliurcb 
in  Karkortok :  ....  a  tbird,  of  tbirty-two  feet  diameter 
amonijst  tlie  ruins  of  si.xteen  buildiniis  at  Kanilsok."' 
lie  su[>posi's  tbat  all  these  ancient  remain.s  of  tbe  lee- 
landers,  which  are  to  be  seen  in  Greenland  to-day,  are 
liaiitistcrics,  similar  to  those  of  Italy. 

According  to  this  view,  there  must  have  been  a  con- 
siderable ecclesiastical  establishment  in  Vinland,  which  is 
not  clearly  indicated  by  the  Hagas,  from  which  we  learn 
no  more  thr.ii  the  sim[)le  fact  tbat  liisbop  Eric  sailed  on  a 
voyage  to  this  place  in  the  year  \\'1\.  Hut  is  it  [irobable 
tbat  the  Xorthmen  would  have  erected  a  baptistery  like 


ciiliies  were  furiiislied  the  aiitiinuiriuiis.  who  came  to  the  <'oncliisinii,  as 
liifuie- tells  lis,  thiit  it  was  11  <reiiiiiiie  inscription,  referring:  to  the  battle  of 
Hiiiiiviiie,  foujiht  in  the  year  <!M((.  It  al'lerwards  turned  out  that  the  ainia- 
reiil  iiis('ri|>lioii  was  imide  liy  the  disinteyr.Mtioii  of  veins  of  a  soft  material 
esistiiitf  in  the  rock.  Vet  the  Dijrjiton  inscription  is  heyond  i|uestioii  the 
work  of  man.  -Mr.  \.  I'"..  Kendal,  writing  in  ISOT,  says  that  there  was  a 
tnuliiioii  tjiiil  .\ssonnet  Neck,  on  which  toii<i'ue  of  land  the  rock  is  situated, 

was   once  a  |iia( f  liiinislinient  anioiiy  the  Indians,     lie  states,  further, 

that  the  Indians  liad  a  tradition  to  the  I'tfect,  that  in  ancient  times  some 
irlilti  men  in  a  I'inI  hiiiihd  there  and  were  slaujihtered  hy  the  ahorijfines. 
'I'lic  y  ulso  said    thunder  mid   iiyhienine;  issued   I'roiii  the  bird,  which   fact 

indiciites  tluit   this  event,  if  it    oci'uri'ed  at  ail,  must    he    I'eferred    to   the   aefe 

of  yun]M)wder.     .Mi'.   Kendal   mentions  the  story  of  a  ship's  anchor  havin;^ 
lieeii  fouuil  there  at  iiii  early  day.     In  former  years  the  rock  was  fre(iiientiy 
due-  under  hy  the  people,  in  the  hope  of   finding  concealed  treasiiri's.     It 
is  said  iliat  a  small   rock  once  existed   near  hy   which  also  hore  marks  of 
human  hands.    'I'he  Portsmouth  and  Tiverton  Hocks,  descrilied  by  .Mr.  Webb 
(Aiilitinlldti  X  .  1 ///(;•/(■'(/(''.  pp.  o.'i.") -71 ),    are    doiilitless    Indian   inscriptions; 
w  liile  that  on  the  island  of  .Moiilieyan,  otl'  the  coast  of  Maine,  may  perhaps 
be  classed  with  the  rock  of  lloby.      Vet  after  all,  it   is  ])ossil)le   that    tlieC(/( 
//■,//  portion  of  the  inscription  on  the  hie'hton  i{ock,  may  be  the  work  of  the 
Northmen.      That    twn   distinct    parties    were   c(uicerned    in    makiny'    the 
inscription  is  clear  from  the  test  iiiiony  of  the  Indians,  who  did  not  pretend  to 
uiideisland  the  portion  thought   to  icfcr  to  Karlsefiie.     l-'or  the  full  discus- 
sion, see  A  iifii/'iifi'li  ■■<  A  nil  rifilmr.  p.  IITS,  tf  xa/. 
'  Ml  iiinirx  ilis  Aiilii/iiiiinx  ihi  Xnril.  is:i!(-!l,  p.  :!T7. 
U 


Iviii 


PlUvCoMMlMAN   DlSCOVKin    OF 


this,  and,  at  tlie  isaiiie  tiiiic,  loft  no  otlior  moimiiu'iit  ? 
It  secniH  hardly  roasoiiahli'.  IJesidcs,  wliocvoi'  cxaiuinos 
tliis  ancient  stnicturo  nuist  l)e  inipivssed  l)y  its  modern 
asjiet't,  so  especially  ai)parent  in  the  preservation  of  the 
mortar,  which  does  not  hoar  the  marks  of  seven  centuries. 
The  disi)lacement  of  a  [)ortion  of  the  masonry  miii'ht  per- 
haps reveal  some  peculiarity  that  would  effectual ly  settle 
the  (piestiou  of  its  antiquity  to  the  satisfaction  of  all.' 

In  treating  this  subject  we  shall  run  into  needless  errors 
and  difHculties,  if  we  attempt  the  task  of  discovcriiii;- 
monuments  of  the  Northmen  in  Xew  England.  In  (jircon- 
land  those  evidences  ol"  tlioir  occupation  are  ahiindant, 
because  they  were  regularly  establisliod  on  the  ground  for 
generations,  and  formed  their  public  and  private  editi(;es 
of  the  only  material  at  hand,  which  was  well  nigh  im- 
perishable. But  their  visits  to  Xew  England  were  com- 
paratively few,  and  wore  scattered  over  many  years. 
Owing   to   the   weakness  of   their  nund)ers,   they    found 


'Tlii'Old  Mill  iit  X('\v|KPrt  stands  mi  an  cniincncc  in  tlii'  ccntrf  of  tlic 
tdwn,  liciny  iilxMit  Iwcnt.y-t'our  feet  liiji'li,  and  twcnty-tlircc  feet  in  diameter. 
!t  I'ests  ii|)nn  eijilit  iiiei's  and  arclies.  It  lias  luiii'  sniiill  windows,  and,  liiyli 
ii|>  the  wall,  aliove  the  arches,  was  a  small  tire  |ilace.  It  is  first  distinctly 
mentioned  in  the  will  of  (iovernor  Benedict  Arnold,  of  Newport,  where  it 
is  called,  "my  stone-built  wind  mill."  It  is  known  that  diiriiie-  the 
eio'liteeiitli  century  it  served  both  as  a  mill  and  powder  house.  Kdward  I'el- 
liaiii,  who  married  (iovernor  Arnold's  ermidihuijiliter.  in  1T40  also  called  it 
"an  old  stoneniill."  Peter  I'-aston.  who  early  went  to  live  in  Newport,  wrote 
in  Kit!!!,  that  "this  year  we  built  the  lirst  windmill  ;"  and  .\ueiist  tJS,  KJT."), 
he  says,  "  A  storm  blew<lowii  our  windmill."  What  Ivistoii  relates  occurred 
before  (iovernor  Arnold  writes  about  his  stone  wiiidniill,  and  it  is  not  unrea- 
sonable to  sii|)i)ose  that  when  the  one  spoken  of  liy  Iviston  was  destroye(l  he 
built  soniethin^i' moresnbstaiitial.  Vet  we  cannot  say  that  this  wasaciually 
the  cas<'.  The  old  tower  existiii"- at  the  bejiinniiief  of  the  settlement  may 
have  been  adnjitcd  liv  him  for  the  ]iui'poses  of  »  mill,  when  the  one  men 
tioiied  iiy  Iviston  was  destroyed. 

The  family  ol'  the  (iovernor  is  said  to  have  come  from  Warwickshire,  Imio- 
land,  and  one  of  his  fiiniis  was  called  the  Leamington  farm,  as  is  sii|i|)osed, 


# 


^4 


AMKIMCA   in    TIIK  .Noin'll.MKN. 


lix 


lonmiiont  ? 

•   (.'XilllUllOS 

its  iiiodoni 
tion  of  tlio 

c'cntnrios. 
miii'lit  per- 
uiilly  sL'ttlo 
.I'iili.' 

lIIl'ss  errors 

iliscovcrinj;' 

III  (jircoii- 

ahuiidant, 

u-rouiul  for 
ate  editic'os 
11  iiigli  iiu- 

wore  coni- 
mny  years, 
they    found 


cciitrf  of  tlic 
I't  ill  diiinii'ifr. 
iws,  anil,  lii<ili 
irst  distinctly 
r|)i)ft,  wlici't'  it 
It  (liii'inii'  tli<' 
Kdwiinl  Prl- 
0  also  called  it 

r\V|)ort.  wrote 
i^iist  'JS,  l()T.-». 
■lates  occni'fed 
it  is  not  iinrea- 
isdestl'oved  lie 
is  wasacinally 
■tllellieiit   may 

tlu'  one  nieii 

vicksliil'e,  iMlji' 
as  is  snniiosed, 


IK'rinaiieiit  colonies  itnpraetieahle.  Tliortinn  Karlsefne 
(K'lilx'rately  ijavi'  up  the  attrnijit  at  the  nid  of  a  tliri'i' 
years  exiierinient,  sayino*  that  it  would  he  inipossihh-  to 
maintain  themselves  aii'ainst  the  nu>re  nunu-roiis  hands  of 
natives.  Their  hahitations  were  temporary.  Tlu'  various 
eomitanii's  that  eame  into  Vinland,  insti-ad  of  huildino- 
new  houses,  took  jiossession  of  Leif's  hootlis,  and  simply 
added  others  ]\kv  tliem  when  they  atlorded  insuiHcient 
(|uarters.  To  ask  for  monuments  of  the  Xorthmcn  is 
therefore  unri'asoiiahle,  since  their  wooden  huts  and  timher 
crosses  must  soon  havi'  disajipearcd.  TIk'  otdy  nu'initrial 
we  h;i\e  a  rio-ht  to  expect  is  some  tritlino-  relic,  a  coin  or 
amulet,  perhaps,  that  ehaiu'c  may  yet  thrctw  in  the  anti- 
(piarian's    way.'      lii    the    meanwhile  amono-  scholars  the 


tVniu  the  iilace  liv  that   name  near  Warwick.     In  acMition  to  tliis,  in  the 

Chi'stertoii  Parish,  thi miles  tVoiii  Ijeamin<j;ton,  lliefe  is  an  old  wiiidniill 

similar  in  constnicficin  to  that  at  Xewport.  It  is  sn])|)osed  that  it  was 
ei'ccteil  (in  |iillafs  till'  |iiiemn«tic  reasons,  and  also  that  cai'ts  niij.rlit  thus 
eo  iinihrneath  and  lie  loaded  and  luiloiuled  with  greater  ease.  .\rid 
it  has  been  siijrycsted,  that  ([/  *""^'-  Arnold  came  tVimi  Wiirw  ickshiri',  ot' 
which  the  piMol'  is  not  o'iven,  ami  if'  the  Chesterton  Mill  wa?<  standinyr 
at  the  time  ot  his  departure  Tor  New  iMiyhind,  he  iniylit  ha\'e  Imilt  a  mill 
at  New|Mirl  alter  the  saiiii'  model.  Vi't  this  is  something  wr  know  little 
about  .Viid  whence  came  the  CliesliMton  .Mill  itselt?  '{'here  was  a  tnidi- 
ti'iii  that  it  was  Imilt  alter  a  desie;ii  by  lnii.ro  .loiii's,  but  this  is  only  a 
tradition.  That  structure  also  mio;lit  have  beloimcd  to  the  class  ot'  K'ound 
Towers  in  Ireland,  ot'  which  one  at  least  was  built  by  Xorthnieu.  All  is 
theret'cpie.  ill  a  measure,  doubtt'ul.  It  will  hardly  help  the  .Nnrthineii  to 
class  this  .NewpcuM  relic  with  their  works.  See  I'all'rey's  .\i  ir  h'/(i//(i/ii/ , 
vol,  1.  pp.  ."iT-'.t. 

'.Many  have'  supposed  that  the  skeleton  in  armor,  due'  up  near  Kail 
liiver,  was  a  relic  of  the  N'orthiiieii.  and  one  of  those  men  killeil  by  the 
natives  in  the  battle  with  Karlsefiii'.  Hut  it  would  be  tar  iiioi-e  reason- 
able to  look  lor  traces  of  the  Ni)rlhmeii  ainoiiH-  the  Indians  of  (iaspe 
who,  at  an  early  day,  were  di>tineui>hcd  t'or  an  unusual  deyre.'  of  civili 
ziition.  Malte  Briiii  tells  us  that  they  wurshiped  the  sun,  kiii'w  the 
points  of  the  compass,  observed  the  position  of  Miini'  of  iln'  stars,  ami 
traced  maps  of  their  count  ly.     Uefore  the  1' rench  missionaries  went  aimui^' 


Ix 


rUKCoMMHIAN  DISCOVHUV   IN  AMKIfKA. 


Icolsmdic  narriitivoa  are  ntcadily  winnini;  tlioir  way  to 
uii<|iu'Hti()iu'(l  l)i'Iiei'.  Thin  is  all  tlic  more  <ijnitityiii,i;  in 
ail  a_<;;c!  liko  the  preHeiit,  in  wliieli  larn'c  portions  of  history 
are  heiiii^  disniissed  to  the  realms  of  hoary  fahle,  and  all 
the  annals  of  the  past  arc  beiiii?  studied  in  a  critical  spirit, 
with  true  aims  and  a  pure  zeal. 


tlic'iii  tlicy  worsliipcd  the  (if^iirc  of  tlic  f'rosH.  mid  liiid  ii  triidition  tliat 
a  vciicralilc  person  once  visitcil  tliciii,  and  duriny  an  cpidcniit;  ciu'cd 
many  l>y  tlic  use  of  tlnit  syndiol.  Src  Maltr  Hnin'H  (icafji'ii/t/ii/ (\'.\\ix\]s]i 
edition),  vol.  v,  |).  DJ.").  Malte  Hrnn'n  authority  is  Father  Jieclere's 
Noiii'iUv    lltliitiiiit  lie  III  lhi>>iwm\  Paris,  1()73. 


''jbiic  Archives  o 

-iALlFAX,    M.ai 


\  Neva  Scc'ilal 


loir  way  to 
jnitityiiii;  in 
IS  ot'  liistory 
il)l(',  and  all 
I'itlcal  si»irit, 


I  triulition  tliat 
i'I>i(lciiii(;  cin'cd 
iriij)/ii/  (I'.iijilisli 
iitlicr    licclcrc'rt 


THE  MAJOR   NARRATIVES. 


il 


IIMvCOLlIMIJIAX   l)ISC()VI^:ilV. 


I.  fi{A(;mkxts  fkom  i-axdxama-ijok. 

Tlic  tolN.w  iiiir  (vxtnicfs  from  ilic  r^nnihioiiin,^  irivi-  um  tlio 
t'iirlicsl  iiiroi-iiiulioii  oil  ivc(.i(l,  in  r('«>-iir(l  to  flir  wcstwanl 
niovciiu'iits  of  llu.  liH-laiirlcrs.  The  iiicii  ivfcnvd  fo  wrn; 
well  known,  and  tlic  mention  (.I'tlicir  names  and  (.x|.|.»itK 
in  tins  -rivat  work,  than  wliidi  no  lii.irhcr  antlu.ntv  .-(uild 
>•«'  pn.dn.-.Ml,  is  ,o,,,tii;vin-  Tl.es,.  extracts,  wl.'ieh  an; 
,i;iven  in  the  order  in  which  th.'v  stand  in  vol.  i.  oniriin- 
faw/'s  Il/sfuri./.r  mu/,sm»rln;  the  greater  portion  of  which 
work  is  the  lal)or  of  Finn  Ma.irmisen,  have  pn.hahk  never 
api-eared  hetore  in  an  Kn,i,dish  (hcss.  The  tirst  extract 
simply  mentions  (Jnnnhiorn  and    his   Uocks;    the  se<-on(I 

shows  that  Krie  tlie   l{ed  ohtai I   his  knowlcj-r,.  of  the 

exish'nee  of  (Jreeidand  throui^d.  this  person:  U,,.  third 
a-ain  i-ives  the  name  of  <  innnhiorii  :  while  the  fourth 
furnishes  a  hrief  a.-c.nnt  of  an  early  voyaov  to  the  Koeks. 
It  appears  from  these  references,  that,  previous  to  the  sail- 

'  T/u  l,,mln,im.,.h„l,.  Tl,is  is  |,rc.l„il,ly  H,..  ,n..st  .■-miplrt,.  ivrnnl  „|  til.. 
kin.lrv..rnmM.I,y,my  Mnii„M.  |,  isuni,.  sa.„..  jfrin.i'al  .•ham,.,-,' as  tl,.. 
Kliuhsl,  nnnnt.s,l„i,  H„„k,  l,„t  vastly  SM|MriMr  i„  i„t,.,vst  aial  vali...  It, 
'■"..tains  .1...  „a.,u.s  ..^  tinvc  tla-usa.,,!   p.-.-sutis  a...i  ,.,„.  tliuusa.al  f.MW  In.n- 

(i.v,i  plrnvs.     It  .rivrs  a  i-orivct  a unt  .,f  yriicalo..i«'s  nf  tlic  first  settlors 

with  l.ri..f  nuti,.,.s  nf  tiirir  a,.l,i..v..„„.uts.     It  was  ..Mn..!,..,....,]  I,v  tlir  n.U.' 

l..-at...l  Kru,!,.,  tl,..  Wis,.,  wl„.  was  i„.n>  lOtir,  a..,l  .li.Mllits,  an,!  uaJn.nti.nu..! 
i.y  Kalst,.uo,  s,y,,n,.r  a.i.l  Th.„-,ls,.n,  a.,.1  ,„,n,,|,.t,.,l   l,y   llanii   |.:,i..n,ls..n 
Lnijm.in,  oi-  (i,m.r.i.)r  ,.f  kvla.ul,  wh,.  ,li,.,l  in  tli,.  wax-  \\\\\\. 


12 


I'WIvCOLr.MHIAN   DISCOVKKV  OF 


iiiiif  of  Krio  tlio  Red,  tlio  oxistoiicc  of  land  at  tlio  west  was 
well  imdorstood,  the  report  of  (iiunibionrs  adventure  hav- 
ing heen  (juite  gonenilly  circulated  amongst  the  people. 


1.  Tiiere  was  a  man  named  (.rimkel,  [A.  T>.  870.]  son  of 
I  If  Tlri'idarson,  called  Ivrage,  and  brother  to  (lunnbiorn,' 
after  whom  C:iiunid)iorn"s  Rocks-  are  namecl.  JFe  took  pos- 
session of  tliat  piece  of  land  that  extends  from  Bcrevigs 
!\(»in  to  Xess  Rliin,  and  out  round  the  i»oint  of  the  cape. 
A'.)d  he  lived  on  Saxalival.  lie  drove  away  Saxe,  a  son  of 
Alfarin  Valeson,  and  he  lived  on  the  Koin  of  tSaxahval. 
Alfarin  Valeson  had  first  taken  pi)ssessi«)n  of  the  cape 
between  Bereviii's  i\oin  and  Knne, 

2.  Kric  IJe<l  [A.  D.  tt8:J.]  said  that  he  intended  to  find 
tlie  land  that  was  seen  by  (Junid)iorn,'  I'lf  ICrage's  son, 
when  he  was  driven  by  a  storm  west  from  Iceland,  and 

MJiimiliiorii  ;iii|n'iirs  In  liiivc  Ijccii  a  Noi'ilnuuii  who  settled  in  U'eliiiul  at 
nil  I  iU'l  y  (lay.     .Ndlliiiiy  nini'e  is  kiiowii  nfliiiii. 

'-'rurtieus  snys  tiiat  tliese  fcx'ivs  lie  six  sea  miles  <i\it  tVoiii  (ieiii'iiylesker, 
iMit  Irolu  HeiUiavek,  ami  twelve  miles  soutli  of  (is  I'de  in  (ireenland,  yet 
tliey  caiiiiot  now  he  t'ound.  It  is  not  too  much  to  suii|iose  that  they  have 
lieeii  sunk  hy  some  of  those  fearful  convulsions  whi<'li  luive  taken  place  in 
h'eland  ;  yet  it  is  (|uite  as  feasonahle  to  conclude  tliut  these  I'ocks  wei'e 
locali'il  elsewliefc,  pi'ohahly  nearef  the  east  coast,  which  was  formerly 
mofe  accessible  than  now.  In  the  veision  ot  tlie  Account  of  (ireenland,  liy 
Ivar  Uarduson  (see  A  ntit/uitiitix  Aiii<  rirund'.  p.  oOl).  yiveii  ffom  a  Fdroctie 
^fllllllxl^ri|)f.  iu\i\  cni'i(uisly  pi'esei'ved  liy  I'ufchas.  //ix  Pi/i/riiiiii>/i ,  vol.  Ill,  ]). 
r)|S,  wi'  fead  as  follows  ; 

"  //(///.  men  shall  know,  that,  lie;  ween  Ishiml  ami  lin  i  ii/dml.  lyetli  ii 
Hisse  calli'd  (lunihiinixi  -Skari .  Tlii'i'e  were  they  wont  to  haue  tlu'ii'  ]ias- 
saji'e  for  (i roiiltiKil.  Hut  as  they  report  there  is  h'c  upon  the  same  Kisse, 
come  out  of  the  l,ono-  Ncu'th  Hottome,  so  that  we  cannot  iwe  the  s'liiie  old 
I'assaei'  as  they  thinke." 

"t'orfeus   says  {(1  rn  iilniitUii.  ji.  Tli),  that    "Kric  the   l{ed    tirst   lived   in 

(ii ulaiid,  hut  it  was  discovered  liy  the  mancalleil  (iunnhiorn.     After  liini 

(iiiunliiorn's  [Jocks  are  called." 


^Il' 


'■  west  was 
ntiiro  hav- 
:»ooplo. 


AMKiMCA    in    TIIK  N()I?TII.MKN 


13 


found  (!uiinl)i()rirs  Kocks.  [A.  I).  STd,]  At  tln'siinic  timo 
he  said  if  he  did  nor  find  the  hind  hv  wonhl  rotnni  t«)  liis 
IVieiid.s. 


7(3. ]  son  of 
tnid)ioi-n,' 
■  took  pos- 

l>creviii:s 

the  capo. 

L',  a  son  of 

fSaxalnaL 

the  cape 


d  to  find 

life's  son, 
land,  and 


n  Icclaiid  at 

'ir!ujrl<'slv('r, 
vnliiiid,  yet 
t  tlu'v  liavc 
vn  pliicc  in 
iiK'ks  Were 
IS  t'ornici'ly 
('(■iihiiid,  by 
1  ii  Fiiroisc, 

,  vol.  Ill,  p. 

ml.  lyclli  ii 
'  tlirir  ])as- 
aiiii"  Uissc, 
'  s^iiiic  old 

St  lived  in 
Aficv  Iiiin 


;5.  Two  sons  of  (;iinid)ioni,  Ulf  Kraov"s  son,  after  whom 
(Junnbiorn's  Jvocks  were  named,  were  eaUed  (innstein 
and  [Tahlor.  They  took  possi'ssion  of  iSk<)tnt"or(kMi,  liiii- 
irardelen  and  ( Ji-iirsvio-en  to  Afjortiord.  IJer.se  was  llai- 
dor's  son,  father  to  Thormod  Kalbrunarskahk 

Siiji'hiorn  ( Ilohnstein's  son),  eaUed  (Jalte,  owned  a  A\\\> 
[A.  I).  !)7().]  that  lay  in  the  mouth  of  (Jrimsar  (in  lior- 
ti-aliorcK'n).  Rolf,  from  liiMk'sand,  iioug-ht  a  half  of  the 
ship.  Kaeli  of  the  partit's  mustered  twelve  men.  With 
►^nii'iiiori',  was  Thorkel  and  «umai!ide,  sons  of  Tiiorij^ier 
Ixed,  son  of  Kinar,  from  Stafholdt. 

Sna'hiorn  also  took  Thorod  iVom  Thiiii^ness,  liis  step- 
father and  liis  tive  sons,  and  liolf  took  Stii'rhiorn.  The 
last  named  recited  the  followiii;,^  verse,  after  he  had  a 
dream  : 

Hiith  ours 

•lead  I  .see  ; 

ail  (diipty 

ill  Xiirtliwi'stoni  Sea  ; 

I'old  woatlior. 

■/reat  siiffcriiiti-. 

1  fxpoet 

Siiiuliiorn's  dcatii.' 

They  soiio-lit  (lunnhiorn's  Uoeks  and  found  land.  Sn:e- 
hiorn  would  not  periiiil  any  ,,iie  to  o-o  ashore  in  the  niiilil. 
Sherhiorn    lan<Ied,  notwitlistandiiiu^    and    found  a  piii^,. - 

"I'll''  iraiislalinii  is  lit, .ml  ,„■  nrarlv  >,,.  and  tli,.  m.||s,.  is  ..hsciiiT. 
■This  sliows  that  ntl„.|-s   had   \<r.n  thrr,.  hHuiv,     Thry   uvr,.  do,il,il..ss 
■'•'•landrrs    who    w,.,v   sailing    ,,,    ( f  ivrnlaial.       Th,.    |,la,-c  uf   roiuvahiimi 

•''''"■■"'■'  '"   ''•'^■''   ' "   -'ll   '-•MValiul,   ..nvclvd    Wilil   SI.Mlr  or   wn.,d.       Thai     thr 

!'''■  "'■'■'■  ^"i"'''!""'-  a.vii.ioMM.  1   to  hid,,   iiioiioy  ill  tliis  wav.  is  ,.vi.h.nl 


Mm 


14 


[•HKCOLI'MHIAN   DISCOVKHV  OK 


witli  iuom.'y  in  uii  t'urtli  liole,  and  ('onci-alcd  it.     Snii'liiorii 
hit  liini  with  an  axo  so  that  the  purso  fell  down. 

They  huilt  a  cuhin  to  live  in,  and  it  was  all  eovered  with 
snow.  Thorki'l  lied's  son,  t'onnd  that  there  was  water  on 
a  shelf  that  st(wd  ont  of  the  eabin  window.  This  was  in 
the  month  of  (Joe.'  They  shovelled  the  snow  away. 
iSniehiorn  riu't^ed  the  shij» ;  Thorod  and  five  of  his  j»arty 
were  in  tlie  hnt,  and  Sta'rhiorn  and  several  men  of  JJolf's 
]tarty.  Some  hunted.-  Sta'rhiorn  killed  Thorod,  hut  hoth 
he  and  Rolf  killed  Sna'hioin.      lied's  sons  and  all  the  rest 


We  read  in  tlir  Sii^n  of  l-'ric  tlic  Hcd,  tliat  tliis  >>  Tsun  at  first  iiitrndcd  to 
fX<>  with  Ills  SUM.  I.,rit'.  KM  liis  vciya^i'c  tn  discnvcr  tiir  land  seen  liv  Ilcriult', 
and  wliifli  hcit'  MaiMccI  \'iiilaiid.  On  Ids  wav  to  tlic  sii'p,  Kric's  liorsc 
stunililcci,  iind  In'  t'rli  to  tlir  ground  siTJouslv  injurrd.  and  was  nlilijft  d  to 
aliandiin  tlic  v<iyay('.  lii'  accepted  lliisasa  indjiinciit  tor  liavinjr.  "s  n\u: 
pn'|iai'atiiin  for  his  ahsi'iin',  hnricd  his  nioin'y.  whri'c  his  wile,  'I'lioyhild, 
would  not  III'  alilc  to  Iind  it. 

'This  is  liclirvcd  lo  have  ln'cn  aliont  l-'clirnary.  whicli  atl'ords  one  of  many 
indications  tliat  the  idiniatc  of  that  region  has  licconic  more  riyorous  than 
t'orinc  riy.  'riic  tact  that  watiT  did  not  tVcc/.c,  indicaii's  mild  weather,  which 
wc  iiiiyht  infer  troiii  the  riyjiiii^'  of  their  ves,-;cls.  and  the  |irc|)aiation  for 
sea.  In  regard  to  llie  term  (Joe.  <  1  ri'iiilnhil's  J/ixf<irix/,i  Miinlixiiin rlii  i' 
(vol.  I.  |t.  T).  .siys:  "'riiis  name  was  before  used  in  Denmark,  which  I'^tals- 
raad  Wfrlaiif  has  discovered  on  the  inscri|ition  of  a  Danish  Ihine-Stone." 
'■'I'lie  fai'ls  thai  ihev  eii;ia<^<Mliii  luiiitiiin',  and  tliat  thi'y  liuilt  a  caliiii  to 
live  in,  miyht  at  lirst  lead  some  to  siijipose  that  the  place  contained  a  forest 
<ir  more  or  less  trees,  to  supply  wnod.  Vet  this  doc's  not  follow,  as  drift 
wood  miyht  supply  all  their  wants  tor  Imildiiiu'  purjioses.  where  they  coidd 
not  olitain  or  use  stone.  Uejrardiiiii'  ilrift  wood.  ('rant/,  says,  in  speakine-  of 
(ireenhind  :  "  l'"er  as  lie  has  denied  this  frijiid,  rocky  rejiioii  the  ufowth  of 
trees,  lie  has  hid  tlie  storms  of  the  o<-ean  to  convey  to  its  shores  a  ei'eat 
deal  of  wooil.  which  accordinejy  comes  tloatiny  thither,  pal't  without  ice, 
lull  the  most  jiarl  alon;i-  with  it.  and  lodges  itself  liciweeii  the  islands. 
Wei'e  it  not  for  this,  we  iMiropeans  should  have  no  wood  to  luirn  lliere.  ,  .  . 
Amonjr  this  wood  are  <XYt".\\  trees  torn  up  liy  the  roots,  which  liy  driviiijr 
u|i  and  down  for  many  years,  ami  dashing  and  rulihinji'  on  the  ice,  are<piite 
hare  of  liranclu'S.  A  small  part  of  this  drift  wood  are  willows,  alder  and 
liirch  trees,  which  come  out  of  the  liays  in  the  south  :  als<i  larec  iriinks  of 
aspi'U  trees.  .  .  .  Iiut  the  o'l'eatest  part  )•-  pine  and  tii-.  W'e  Iind  also,  a  ;iood 
deal  of  a  sort  of  wood,  liuely  veined,  and  with  few  liranches;  this,  1  tiuicv,  is 


,* 


■"•^ft^. 


AMKHICA   in    THK  NOHTIl.MKN. 


15 


Sniol)iorn 

erud  with 
wiitor  oil 
is  was  ill 
'W  away, 
hiis  1  tarty 
of  Itolf's 
,  l»nt  both 

I  the  rest 

intruded  t(i 
l>y  ll.iiulf, 
I'j'ic's  liorsc 
i  (ildiotd  to 
iiijjr,  as  OIK- 
■,  Tli..:liild, 

i>iir  (if  iiiiiny 
'•"inius  tliiin 
tluT,  wliicli 
pariitiun  tor 

llllt  SIIKl  ikl  !• 

ilii<'li  I'',tiiis- 
mu'-Stoiif." 
t  a  caliiii  to 
iwd  a  t'lircst 
i)\v,  us  drit'l 
■  tlicy  Could 
s|icakili;i'  of 

I'  Ji'l'OWtll   of 

ITS  a  HTcat 
vit]ioiit  ice, 
llie   islands. 

II  tlicrc.  .  .  . 
I>y  drivinir 
'I',  aiv(|iiitc 
*,  aider  and 
e  trunks  of 
ilso,  a  ^.I'ood 

,  I  fancy,  is 


were  o]>li<>;c(l  to  take  the  oatli  of  alleinanee  to  save  thoir 
lives.  They  anived  on  their  return  at  Jlelgelaiul,  ISTorway, 
and  later  at  Vadil  in  Iceland.' 


II.  TIIK  ("OLOXIZATIOX  OF  (JKKKNJ.ANI). 

The  tirst  doenment  relatin<»:  to  the  settlement  of  (Jreeii- 
land  hy  the  Xorthnien,  is  tiikeii  frotu  the  Sai!:a  of  Fific  the 
Red,  as  jriven  in  Professor  litifii's  Aii/if/idfa/e-s  Amirimiw. 
Besi(k's  the  history  of  Krie  and  his  sons,  that  Saga  contains 
notices  of  other  voyages.  The  following  are  simply 
extracts.  The  whole  Saga  does  not  necessarily  ap[>ly  to 
the  subject  under  examination  —  the  Discovery  of  America. 
The  second  extract,  which  gives  more  of  the  particulars, 
is  from  Gronland's  Illstoriskc  Mm/csma:rker,  vol.  ii,  p.  201. 
The  third  is  also  taken  from  the  same  great  historical 
depository. 

FIHST  NAKRATIVH, 

There  was  a  man  named  Thorvald,  son  of  Osvald,  son 
of  irif-Oexna-Tliorerisson.  Thorvald  and  his  son  were 
oltliged  to  leiivc  .lardar'-  and  go  to  Iceland,  on  iiccount  of 
manslaiightrr.     At  that  tiim-  Iceland  was  generally  eolo- 

liirchwood Thi'iv  is   also  a  solid,  ivddisli   wood  of  a  lUoiv  a>ri ahje 

fra^rnini'y  tlum  the  coinnion  lir.  witii  visible  cross  veins,  wliicli  I  take  to  lie 
the  same  S|iecies  as   tile    lieautilul    si  I  ver  Ii  IS.  or /i  rlir  I ,  I  hut    have   the   smell 

of  cedar,   and  yrow  on  the  hieh  (irisoii   hills,  1   the  Swit/.  rs  wains.ot 

llier  rooms  with  them."— ///>•/-»/■//  ,,f  H n ,  iihnnl.  vol.  i.  p.  ;!r. 

'If  any  cnnlirmatioii  wer..  need,.,!  ,,f  the  truth  of  this  narrative,  or  of  the 

killinjrof  Siia-hiorn  and  Thorod,  we  miehi    |,„,k  ),„■  it  in  tl (piallv  wll 

known  fact,  that  after  the  return  .if  the  voyayvrs  i,,      ehmil,  ih,'  death  of 
these  two  m.n  was  fearfully  n'venjfed  liy  their  friemls. 

■  III   the  s:iu(hue-it  of  \'or\MI\ 


rrpip""*' 


k; 


I'UKCOLIMIilAN   1)IS('()VKI{V  OF 


iiixcd.'  Tlicy  first  lived  in  Drangey,  where  Thorvald  died. 
Then  Kric  married  Thorliihl,  daugliter  of  Jorund  and 
Tliorliiarg  Knarraltringa,  whom  afterwards  Thorl)iorn  of 
Ilankdale  mari'ied.  Krie  moved  from  the  nortli,  and  tixed 
his  ahode  in  Kricstad  opposite  X'atsliorn.  The  son  of  Eric 
and  Thorholdwas  named  fjeif.  lint  ailer  Eynlf  iSoers  and 
]Iohn-(}anij  Kafn's  murder.  Krie  was  hanished  from  ITauk- 
dale.  Kric  went  westward  to  I>rei(hitiord  and  lived  at 
Oexney  in  Ericstad.  He  lent  Tliorgest  liis  seat-posts,^  and 
he  could  not  get  them  again,  lie  then  demanded  them. 
Then  came  disputes  and  liostility  between  him  and  Tlior- 
gest, wliicli  is  told  in  the  history  of  Kric.  Styr  Thorgrim's 
son,  Kynlf  of  iSvinoe,  the  sons  of  IJrand  of  Aiiteltiord  and 
Thorhiorn  X'ifilsson  plead  the  cause  of  Eric;  ThonU'r 
(Jcllurson  and  Thorgeir  of  llitanhile  })lead  for  Tliorgest. 
iM'ic  was  declared  outlawed  hy  tlie  Tiling,  an:l  prepared  his 
ship  for  sea  in  Eric's  Bay.  Styr  and  tlu.i  ot'ier.s  went  with 
him  beyond  the  island.  [A.]).  982.]  Then  Eric  declared 
it  to  be  his  resolution  to  seek  the  land  which  Gunnbiorn, 
LTlf  Krage's  son,  saw  [A.  D.  870.]  when  driven  into  the 
Western  ocean,  where  he  found  (Junnbioru's  Rocks,  say- 
ing, that  if  he  did  not  find  the  land  he  wonid  return  to  his 
friends.  Eric  set  sail  from  Sna'fellsjoknl,  and  found  land 
which  from  its  height  he  called  Alidjokul,  now  called  Blaa- 
surk.  Thence  lie  sailed  along  the  shore  in  a  southerly 
dii't'ction,  si'cking  for  the  nearest  habitable  land.  Tlie  first 
winter  he  [lassed  in  Kricseya,''  near  the  middleof  the  east  dis- 
trict.    The  following  year  lu'  <-aiiie  into  Kricsfiord,  where  he 


'  Sec  ( 'ii|(ini/.ilti<ill  (if   Icrliilld,  ill  tlir  I  lit  rii(lucti(Pli. 

'"  Sci-  niiti'S  ti>  Iiitiodiiciiciii. 

■'It  is  now  iiii|inssilil('  til  iiiilciitiiy  tlii'sc  luralitics.  Tln'  old  virw,  tliat 
wiiiit  is  ciillcd  tile  l'',ast  l)v;i-d.  ur  I)istrirt,  was  (in  tlic  eastern  cdasl  (if 
(ireenland,  is  iKPW  aliaiid(iiie(l.  It  is  prd'.ialile  that  iki  settleiiicni  was  ever 
etli'cled  (III  tliceast  ('(last.  llKiliyli  (iiu'e  it  was  evidelitlv  iiKife  a|i|ir(iaclial)le 
tliaii  luiw      See  <iia.  MS  H.iinilUiiin. 


AMKUiCA   in    I'llK  NoUTll.MKN. 


17 


'vald  (lied. 
)riind  and 
orbioni  of 
and  fixed 
on  of  Eric 
Socrs  and 
cm  ITauk- 
I    lived  at 
posts,^  and 
led  tlieni. 
and  Thor- 
'liorurinrs 
IHoi'd  and 
Thorder 
Tlior^est. 
epared  liis 
^vent  with 
c  declared 
unnbiorn, 
1  into  the 
ocks,  say- 
urn  to  his 
bund  land 
lied  r.laa- 
southerly 
The  first 
e  east  dis- 
where  lie 


fixed  his  scat.  The  same  suniuid-  lie  explored  tlu*  western 
di'scrt,  and  tjavc  nnnu's  lo  many  places.  The  tollow- 
ini:'  winti  r  \n'  |iassed  on  a  holm  op[(i)sitc  Uafnsii'nipa, 
and  the  third  year  he  came  into  Iceland  and  hrouy-lit 
liis  siiip  into  Mi-eidafiord.  The  land  which  he  found,  he 
named  (Jreenland,  saying'  that  men  wttuld  hi'  persuaded  to 
ii'o  to  a  land  with  so  o(»(«l  a  name.  Mric  stayed  in  Iceland 
that  wintt'r,  and  tin-  summer  atU'r  he  went  over  to  tlu; 
land  which  he  had  found,  and  tixed  his  abode  in  IJrattah- 
lidin  I'lricstiord.  [A.  I).  DSi;.]  Men  ac(|uainted  with  affairs, 
say,  that  this  same  summer  in  which  i'lric  went  to  settle  in 
(ireenland,  thirty-live  ships  sailed  from  r)reidali<>rd  and 
lioii'afjord,  o\'  which  only  fourteen  arrived,  and  the  rest 
were  driven  b;\ck  c  '  lost.  This  eviMit  took  place  fifteen  win- 
ters' before  the  ('h)'istian  reli<;-ion  was  establislu'(l  in  Iceland. 
The  sami'  summer,  iVishop  Frederick  and  Thorvold  Ivod- 
ranson  went  from  lei'land.-  Amoiiii^  those  who  einij^rated 
with  Kric  and  establi^^lied  themselves,  were  lleriulf  lleri- 
idfsfiord  who  took  lleriulfsness,  and  abode  in  lleriidfs- 
ness,  Ketil  Ketllsliord,  iJafn  ivafnstiord,  Solvi  Solvidale, 
Ilelgi  Thorbriindson  Al[ttafiord.  Thorbjorn "flora  Siglef  jord, 
Kinar  Kinarsrior<l,  Ilatgrim  llatiijrimsfiord  and  \'atr  diver, 
Arnlauii'  Aridauy-sfioi'd;  and  other  men  went  to  tiie  west 
district. 

77"   I>ii/it''siii  iif  Li  if'  ilii'  Fi,rliiiiiili\ 

And  when  tht;  sixth''  winter  had  passed  [.V.  I).  !l!t!>.J 
sinci'  l']ric  Ked  went  to  live  in  (ireenland,  Leif,  son  of  ha-ic, 
\\('\\\  ovei'  from  Greenland  to  Xoi'wav,  and  in   the  autumn 


1  vii'w,  tliat 

•III    I'llilSt    of 

■lit  was  cvi'V 
i|i|iriiiicliiil)l(' 


'  .\s    \vi rtiiiiilv  Uiinw  tliiil   ( "iiristiiinily  wiis  cstiililislicd  in    Inliiinl   in 

tlir  yciir  A.  I).  10(1(1.  tile  linal  siiili'iiiciit  111' l'".ric' unci  lii>  lulinwcrs  limst  lia\c 
I  ilk; 'I  i  |i1;m-c  (liiriliy  I  111'  \  rar  a>si;^ii((l,  \  i/,  :  !IS."). 

'Si'i'   A  lilu/'iililli  s  A  nil  1(1'"  ml  ,   |i.    I").   IKilc  (/. 

■' I'viili'llllv  an  iTr<ir.       Src  A  nti'/'iit'iti  x  A  nu  riniini .  |i,    l."i,  liDlc  ;|. 


^^^ 


18 


IMM'K'OMMHIAN   DlSCoVKUV  itV 


iii'i'ivcd  |ii  'l'lii'()ii(lli<'iiii  :mil  ciiiiic  iioi'tli  to  Kiiin"  Oliif'Trv- 
<i;v('ss()ii,'  I'lMiii  I  IcLi'chind.  I  If  hi'ouii'lit  liis  slii|»  to  Xiditros 
iiiid  went  nt  oiicc  to  Kiiii;' ( )l;d'.  'I'lii' kiiiij  coimiiiiiidcd  Li'if 
iiikI  some  otluT  |>:iii;iu  iiu-ii  to  come  to  liiiii.  Tlicv  wofc 
oxliorti'd  to  iic('t'|it  r('iii;ioii,  whicli  the  kiiiu,-  liaviin;'  eiisily 
arraiiu^cd  with  licil",  lie  and  all  liis  sailors  were  baptized, 
Jliid  i>ass('d  the  wiiitci'  with  the  kiiiii',  l»i'in,n'  lilterally  (.'Utrr- 
taiiu'(|. 

SKCOND  NAI.'I.'A'I'IVK. 

Tiioi'vold  'Aiv-  soli  of  Csvold,  son  of  Til',  son  ot'  (Vwiic- 
'IMiorcr,  and  his  son.  I'lric  Ifcd,  left  .lanlar  in  Xorway  on 
ac'co'int  of  tnanslaiiii'litiT,  and  took  [)()sscssi()n  ot"  a  pit'cv  of 
land  on  Ilornastrand  [Ict-Iand],  and  lived  tliciv  at  Dian- 
i-ev.  Tlieri'  Tliorvold  died.  Kric  tlu'n  niai-ried  Thorliild, 
dauii'liter  otMorund  Atleson  and  Tliorhiarn"  Knarrahringa, 
■who  was  then  niarrii'd  to  Tliorhiorn  of  llaukdalo.  Then 
I'lric  went  from  tiie  north  and  jtlonu'lied  the  fields  in  Ilauk- 
dale.  'I'lu'ii  he  lived  in  Kriestadt  hy  \'atshorii.  There  his 
tliralls-  let  a  piei-e  of  roek  tnnd>le  down  over  \'althiof"s 


'  This  kiiiM-  proiniii'iitrd  Clirisiiniiitv  hy  physical  fonv,  iiiul  niiirkcil  tlir 
cciiii'sr  (if  lii*^  luissiiiiiary  tours  wiili  tir.' ami  lijnod  ;  wliicli  iiiijilit  liavi'  lici'n 
r\|ircii'il  IVdiu  a  liarliaiian  jiisi  cuiivci'ii'd  iVoiii  ilic  wdrship  of  Odin  and 
■I'h.ir. 

"Thrsr  thl'alis  wci-i'  slavrs.  thcin;i'li  slavery  in  Icrlaiid  assiiiiicd  pci'idiar 
t'catiii'.'s.  'rill'  t(illi)\viiiii'  rriiiii  ihc  Siii/,i  nf  disli  tin  Ontliiir,  shows  the 
I'fhitiou  that  slaves  lield  to  tVeeiiieii.  We  read,  that  on  one  occasion,  ( iisli 
had  borrowed  a  I'ainous  sword  of  ivoll.  and  the  latter  asked  to  have  it 
liack.  lint  (I'isli  in  reply  asks  if  he  will  sell  it,  reci'iviny  a  negative  reply, 
'{"hen  he  says:  "I  will  aive  thee  thy  tVei'doni  and  yoods,  so  that  llion 
nniyest  fare  whithei'  thou  will  with  other  men."  This  is  also  decliiu'd, 
when  (iisli  continues:    "Then   1  will   nive  thee  thy  freedom,  and  leasi',  or 

o-i\'e  thee  land,  and  ln'sides  I  will   e-i\r  tin"'  sliei'p,  and  cattle  and  j:' Is.  iis 

mui'h  as  thou  needest."  This  he  also  declines,  and  Kol,  when  (iisli  asks 
him  to  name  a  price,  olleriiiL;'  any  sinii  of  money,  hesides  his  freedom,  and 
"a  hecomino'  match,  it' thou  hast  a  likinii'  for  aiiv  one,"     Hut  Kol  refused  to 


A.MKIMCA    UV    Till-;  NoHTII.MKN 


lit 


)li.rTry- 
I  Xidiiros 
idt'd  Lrif 
liov  wvvv 
111;'  easily 
luil>tizL'(l, 
lly  oiitor- 


iC  Oexiic- 

)r\viiy  OH 

ii  piece  of 

lit   Diaii- 

Tli(.rliil<l, 

■niUriiigii, 

e.     Then 

ill  Iliiuk- 

riiere  liis 

althiofs 


iiiiifkcd  flic 

llltvc    llCCll 

>!'  Oiliii  itiul 

led  iicculiiir 
shows  tlic 

•iisioii,  (iisli 
Id   lllivi'    it 

iitivc  reply. 

II  that  thou 
o  ili'cliiii'il, 

Mill  Iciisr,  or 

11:1    Ll'oillls,  ilS 

II  tiisli  iisks 
ri'doni.  iiiiil 
il  ivl'iiscd  to 


liouse  ill  X'altliiolstadt.  I>nl  liis  relation,  Mviilf  Sriirs,  killed 
the  thralls  at  K'neide-Uriiike  aliove  X'atshoni.  For  this 
eaiise,  Kiie  killed  I'lyiill'  Silirs.  lie  also  killed  1  loliii-(  Jaiiuj 
Iialii  at  Leikskaale.  (Jeirsti'iii  and  Odd  at  Jiirmid  I'lyult' 
S()irs  relations  hronn'ht  a  suit  ai:;aiiist  the  slayer.  lOrie  was 
then  iiaiiished  iVoiii  I lanksdale,  and  took  |iossessioii  "•'  the 
islands,  IJroki")  and  Oe.xiio,  hut  lived  in  'I'odiiiii  at  Svdero, 
tlietirst  winter.  Then  he  loaned  'I'horu'est  his  si'at-jiosts. 
'i'lieii  I'hii'  nioveil  to  <  )e\iio  and  liv(.'d  ill  Hriestadt.  Then 
lie  deiiiaiideil  his  seat-jiosts,  hut  diil  not  ifci  them.  I'il'ic 
took  tlu'in  thoreal'ter  rr<»ni  I>ri'doh(dstad,  hut  Thorijest 
I'ollowed  him.  They  loiiifht  near  the  house  at  Draiii^'ey. 
Two  sons  of  Thoi'irest  I'ell,  and  some  other  men.  There- 
alter  ihey  liolh  kept  their  followers  with  them.  Styr, 
I'Aulf  of  Sviiio,  Thorhrand's  sons  of  .\l[tteliord,  and  Thor- 
iiiorn  \"ililsso!i,  were  of  I'h'ic's  party.  I  Jut  Tliord  ( Jelleirson, 
Tliorj^eir  from  IIitar(Udc',  Asiakof  Lan<j;e<hile,  and  lihii^c's 
son  lielped  TlKn'u'est.  I'lrie  and  his  party  wi're  sentoncod 
to  he  hanished  at  Thorsness  Tliiiii!:.  Hi'  fitted  out  a  ship 
in  Kric'stiord,  hut  Kvulf  concealed  him  in  Dimonsvaag, 
while  'J'hori^est  and  his  men  soui^ht  after  him  on  the 
hi!.!:lilan(ls.  Thorhiorn,  Kvulf  and  Stvi' followed  with  Kric 
out  to  sea  heyoiid  the  islands.  He  said  that  he  meant  to 
seek  the  land  Gunnhiorn,  lllf  Krage'sson,  saw  [A.  I).  870.] 
when  III'  was  driven  hy  a  storm  wi'st  from  h-eland,  and 
found  ( lunnhiorirs  Ikoeks ;  though  he  said  at  tlu'sann  time 
if  he  discovered  (he  land  he  would  riiturn  to  his  I'rii'iids. 
[A.  I).  '.•Sii.]  Kric  laid  his  course  to  the  west  from  Siia'- 
lieldness,  and    ajiproached    [Cireeiiland]   from    the    sea  to 


srll  it  at  iviiv  |)ri('i',  which  nliisiil  led  to  m  lijilit.  mid  in  ilir  lirst  oiisi't,  tiic 
siiivf's  iixi'  siiidi  into  ( risli's  hriiiii,  wiiiic  the  <iis|iiii('d  sword,  C rdi/ata  I ,  ciovi! 
the  thick  skull  of  Kol.  Sec  till-  Siiijii  iif'  (lix/i  till'  (hitliiif,  |).  (■(.  Iviiiiiiiirjjrh, 
iSliCi.  Also  the  Siit;-ii  o|'  l'",rii'  Ucd.  whrr.^  Tliorliiorii  thinks  it  nii  iiidiynity 
thill  lOiiiar  should  ask  t'orthr  haml  of  his  daiiiihrir  in  niarriaui',  l'",iuiir  hyino; 

I  llr  Son  ol'  il  >lil\  1  . 


^r 


20 


IMiKCoLIMI'.IAN    DISCOVKIJV  (»K 


land  at  Mitljokiil,  in  tliat  place  that  is  callcil  IMa-sai'ls. 
From  tluMici'  lie  went  aloni;  the  coast  to  tlie  south,  to  see  if 
tlio  land  was  tit  to  live  in.  '^riie  first  year  hi-  staved  all 
winter  in  I'lricksi't,  nearly  in  thi'  middle  of  the  west  hyuMl. 
In  the  next  sprinu;  [A,  I).  US'.l.']  he  went  to  Kricstiord,  and 
there  found  a  d\veHin<i',  Next  summer  he  went  to  ihi; 
western  l>y,n'<l,  and  i;'ave  certain  names  to  many  |tlaces. 
The  second  winti'r  he  lived  in  Ki'icsholm,  at  llvarfo  Fied- 
spida',  and  at  the  third  summei'  [A.  D.  !»S4.]hewent  north 
to  Sna'lield,  inside  of  Rafnstiord.  lie  thoui-'ht  then  that 
the  }>lace  where  iM'iesiiord  In-nt  was  opposite  tlu^  place 
where  he  came.  JFe  then  i-eturned  and  spent  the  third 
winter  in  I'lricksi)  opposite  the  mouth  of  Fi'icstiord.  The 
next  summei"  [A.  1).  liS'i.]  lie  wt'iit  t()  Iceland,  and  landecl 
at  lireidailord.  The  next  winU-r  he  stayed  at  Jfolmstater, 
witii  Ini;-olf.  Next  sprin<i:  he  foUi!,-ht  with  'I'lioriiX'st  and 
lost  the  hattle.  That  summer,  Erie  hei;-an  to  settle  the 
land  which  he  had  disi-overed  [A.  I).  080.]  and  which  ho 
called  (Jreeidand,  hecause  he  said  that  the  people  would 
not  like  to  move  there,  if  the  land  did  not  have  a  good 
name.  Learned  men  say  that  twenty-five  ships  went  that 
summer  to  (Jrei'iiland  from  Ureidaiiord  and  Borgaf jord, 
hut  only  fourteen  arrived.  Oi'  ihe  rest,  some  were  driven 
hack  and  others  weri'  wrecked.  This  hapi»ened  fifteen 
winters  hofore  Christianity  was  introduced  into  Iceland. 


'rillltl)    .\.\1{|{.\TIVK. 

The  land  some  call  ({roenland,  was  discovered  and 
settled  from  Iceland.  Fric  the  lied  was  tlu'  name  of  the 
IJreidatiord  man,  wh(»  [A.  1).  !>H(J.]  went  from  here  [Iceland] 
to  there,  and  took  possession  of  that  pai't  of  the  land,  which 
later  was  called  Friestionl.  He  named  the  land  and  called 
it  (Jreenland,  and  said  it  would  encouraiiv  peo[)le  to  comv 
there,  if  tin;  land  had  a  good  name.     They  found  there, 


A.MKliKA    in    'I'lIK  XoirrilMKN. 


21 


I,  to  see  if 
■stayed  all 
iH'st  l»yi;'(l. 
tiord,  }iM(l 

III      to     tlu! 

ly  |ihict's. 
rfo  Fiod- 
C'lit  iiortli 
tlii'ii  that 
the  phico 
the  third 
.nl.  'Phu 
id  landed 
)lnistatei-, 
I'i^'cst  and 
^^ettle  the 
whieh  he 
)le  woidd 
'e  a  good 
vent  that 
»rii'afjord, 
re  di iveu 
■d  tilteeii 
eel  and. 


Iioth  east  and  west,  I'liins  of  houses  and  pieces  of  l.oats, 
and  l.eu'iiii  stonework.  From  uhieji  it  is  to  he  seen  what 
kind  of  |.eo|.|("  have  lived  in  \'inland,  and  which  the  (ii'ceii- 
landers  eall  Skneliiii^s  and  who  had  l)een  there.  He  [Krie] 
l)egan  to  settle  the  land  fourteen  or  tifteeii  years  hc-fore  the 
iiitroduetion  of  Christianity  in  Iceland.  .Afterwards  this 
was  told  of  (Jreenland  to  Thorkt'l  (iellcirson,  l.y  a  in: 
who  had  himself  followed  Erie  Ki'd. 


in 


.     HI.  TIIF  \()VA(;K  of  nLVii.NF. 

The  voyau-e  of  IJianie  to  (livenland  was  attended  l.v 
WAuy  hardships.  His  vessel  was  hlown  away  fron.  the 
eourse  duriiiu.  a  storm,  at  which  time  he  saw  the  shores  of 
the  Am.'rican  eontinent,  yet  he  ma.h-  no  attempt  to  land. 
Of  this  voya,i,-e  we  have  two  versions.  ^IMie  first  is  a 
translation  of  a  passa-e  from  0.h:r  FlatUmms,  -iveu  i.'i 
Anta,,lMi,A,„r;ra,uv,^^.  17.  The  second  is  taken  fr.Mu 
aro„hn,rs  Jli.lnriskr  Mhuhsiwrrb,:  The  .late  of  thi. 
voya-e  is  IJxe.l  l>y  the  ti..-t  that  P.ianie  saile<i  the  same 
season  that  his  father  settled  in  (Jreenlan.l,  which,  as 
we  learn  from  the  narrative  of  Kri<-,  was  in  the  y,.ar 
!'«•>.  Tliere  is  a  coini.lete  a-Mvemeiit  hetween  this  a<vo 
and  the  [irecedin---. 


oiint 


3rcd  and 
lie  of  the 
[Iceland] 
id,  whieh 
nd  called 
!  to  come 
lid  there, 


■iliS'l'  NAIMIATIXt: 


"'■'•'"If  was  the  son  of  jJard,  llcriiilfs  son.  who  was  a 
'■*'l'"'<'"i  "nn,u-olftlieLandnam>man.'  fiiu-olf  u,,ve  J  jeriidf 
lan.l  hetween  Vou-  an,|  Keikianess.  Heriulf  .Iwelt  iirst  at 
Drop^tock.     His  wife  was  called  Thor-ir.l,  aii.l  thei 


■ir  sou 


'  original  s,.„I,.,..,,  ,V,.,.h„l,l,.r,  whos.  na,,,,-  au,l  ,,„s>,.>.i„ns  w,.,..  ,....,„,|,., 
ill  the  Liiiiihiiiiud-bdl,-. 


IT 


•2-2  I'KKfol.lMltlAN    DISioVKin    (»K 

Wiis  culled  I'iiinic.  Ilcwiisa  in'oinisin^-  yoiiiiu' man.  In 
Ills  I'lirru'st  voiitli  lit'  liad  a  dcsirt'  l<>  ui»  aliroad,  and  lie 
soon  iratlu'Ti'd  |ir«)|H'i'l_v  and  rt'|inlati(»n  ;  and  was  by  tiiniH 
a  year  abroad,  and  a  year  witli  liis  latlu'i-.  IJiai'iic  was 
soon  in  |K)ssi'ssion  of  a  nicrcliant  ship  of  iiis  own.  Tlit' 
last  winter  I  .\.  |).  ',»S,">,|  wliilc  lie  was  in  Norway,  lleriulf 
Itrcpari'ij  to  ^•o  to  ( JrccnIaMd  with  I'lric.  and  ^'avi'  up  his 
dwcllint;.  Thcrt'  was  a  Christian  man  l»i'lon!j;inn' to  tln^ 
llchiidi's  alonii'  with  llrrinll',  who  comiioscd  the  lay  called 
the  //'{h/i  ri/liii/iir  ^  Soni;',  in  which  is  this  stave  : 

.M.iy  III'  wiiii^x'   iiMinl  ]irni('cts  mi  will 
'riic  siiii|ili'  iiidiik  ill  luiiclv  cell, 
And  ii'iT  (lie  woiiij  ii]iliiil(ls  ilic  sky, 
His  (luii  Miic  liiill.  sliil  st.iml  iiic  Ity.-' 

lliM'iull'settled  at  lieriuHiu'ss  [\.  D.  !IS,').  |  and  liecame  a 
vi'ry  distinuMiishi'd  man.  I']ric  Ued  look  iip  his  abode  at 
Ib'atthalid,  and  was  in  u'reat  consideration,  and  honored  by 
all.  'riu'sowori'  i'^ric's  children  :  Leif,  Thorvold,  and  Thor- 
stein  :  and  hisdauii'hlt'r  was  calK'd  Fei'vdis.  She  was  niarricMl 
\o  a  man  called  Thoi'vald  :  and  they  dwelt  at  (Jardar,  which 


' 'I'liis  |iiM'ni  111)  liPiiii'iT  ('\isis.  lis  >uliirci,  the  /fiif(/{  riliiii/iir.  is  (Irscriln'il 
iis  ;i  ti'Mi'lul  IhmIv  ci|'  wiurr.  "  w  li'u'li  si  iMiciiiucs  risis  in  tlicsi'a  unir  (irci'ii 
hiiul  ill  siicli  ii  wiiy  iliiii  tlircr  liiri.T  rnws  nt'  waves  iucldsr  a  part  of  the  sea, 
sii  ilial  llu'  slii|>  tlial  tiinls  iiscll'  iiisidf.  is  in  tlif  yrcalcsl  daii^'ci'." — (ir('iii 
liiiiil'x  IlistnrisI,;  MiinU'<iini  rhi  i\  \t>\.  i.|i. 'Jlil.  'I'lirri'  (liirs  mil  a|i|i('ar  Ig 
lir  aiiv  111 'It  CI'  t'lumiialinii  tiir  lliis  111111)1111  ut'  llir  llatjicnliiijiai-  tliaii  ul'  tlic  old 
aci'i'iinls  111'  till'  Mavlslruiu.  micr  sii|i|nisr(l  to  i'\i>!  mi  llir  ciasl  nl'  Nurwav. 
'i'iir  llalliariliiiLl'ar  may  lia\  r  ni-i^iiialnl  fniiii  srriiii;  llir  |iii\vri-lul  cll'i'd  iit'a 
cross  sra  acliil^i'  nii  tlic  lidr. 

- 'I'll  iliis  iraiislatiiiii  luav  lir  adilrd  anntlii'i' in  iiirtrc,  liv  iJraiuisli  : 

O  lliini  Willi  Iriest  lioly  nu'ii ! 

Now  L'tiiilc  nil'  111!  my  w;iy  ; 
Lord  of  llif  rartirs  wide  Viiull,  I'XUmmI 

'I'liy  i.'nii'ioiis  liaiid  10  iiii'. 

'I'his  aii|it'i>i's  111  111'  till'  rarlir^i  ( 'lirisiiaii  |irayrr  tliiis  tar  rnuiid  in  ciiiini'i' 
linn  wiili  iliis  iicriiid  ut  Aiiirrican  liisinry. 


AMKIiICA   HV    IIIK   NulM'II.MI'lN. 


1':! 


iiiiiii.  Ill 
I,  ami  lit' 

hv   tUl'IIH 

jiriu!  wiiH 
vn.  The 
k-,  Hrniill" 

lis;'  to    tlu' 

lay  fallril 


hi'camc  a 

s  aluxk'  a( 

ouDivtl  l>y 

M.l  Tlior- 

isiiiai'i'lc'd 

II',  wliicli 

(Irscrllii'il 
iiciir  (in'cM 
iif  till'  Hca, 
■r." — (i  li'ii- 

III    tllC  tllll 

111  Niirwity. 

Ill  ctii'i'i  i>r  11 


il  ill  cciinii'f 


is  now  a  liislio|i's  seal.  Slic  was  a  liaiiLilily,  I'Toiid  woniaii  ; 
and  lit'  \\a-  liiit  a  iiifaii  man.  She  was  iniirli  L;i\<ii  to 
u;allii'i'int;'  wialtli.  Tlif  |ico|i|t' of  ( Ii-cfnlaml  Wfif  litallnn 
at  tliis  tinif.  Hiarm' canii'  ovfi' tlif  saiiif  siiinmcr  (  A.  1  >. 
!is.'i.|  with  his  ship  to  tlif  sti'aml'  whifli  his  lalhci'  had 
saih'tl  ahi'oad  iVom  ill  tilt' -|irinu-.  I  If  was  mmli  .-trin'k  with 
tilt'  news,  ami  would  not  unload  his  xcsscl.  Wlifii  his 
crew  asUcd  him  what  hf  intended  to  ilo,  ln'  rt'plicd  that 
he  was  I't'sohfil  to  follow  his  oltl  fiistom  Ity  taking'  up  his 
wintiT  ahoilf  w  ilh  his  tathtT.  "■So  I  will  stfcr  fur  ( Jrcrii- 
laml  if  yt'  will  i:'o  with  iiif.""  'riicy  one  ami  all  aiiifftl  to 
l;o  with  him.  IJianif  saiil,  "  ( »iir  \(t_viiL;-i' will  hf  thoiiii-ht 
foolish,  as  nont'  dt'  us  haxf  hfcn  on  thf  ( irffiilaiitl  sea 
hffol'f."       Nf\'f I'tllf less    tllfV  Sft    out   to  sea    UA  soon  as  thfV 

Wfi'f  ready,  and  sailed  for  three  days,  until  they  lost  si<i'ht 
of  the  land  they  left,  lint  when  the  wiml  failed,  a  north 
wind  with  fou'  si't  in,  ami  th«y  knew  not  where  they  wt  re 
sailiiiu' ti> :  and  this  lasted  many  days.  At  last  they  saw  the 
sun,  and  eoulil  ilistiiiiiuish  the  (piarters  of  the  sky  ;  so  they 
InVistftl  sail  atiain,  and  sailed  a  whole  tlay  aial  niiiht,  when 
they  matle  laml.  "^riiey  spoke  anionu'  tlifinsclvi-  what 
this  land  coiilil  h;',  ami  IJianif  said  that,  in  his  opinion,  it 
euiihl  mit  lif  (irfenlaml.  On  the  tpiestion,  if  he  should 
sail  iK'arer  to  it,  he  saiil,  "  It  is  my  ailviee  that  we  sail  up 
close  to  the  laud."'  TIhv  (litlso;  and  they  soon  saw  that 
the  land  was  witliout  mountains,  w:i>  covered  with  woods, 
anil  that  thfre  A\fi\'  small  hills  inland.  Thfy  left  the  land 
on  till'  larhoard  sitle,  and  hatl  their  sheet  on  the   land  side. 


'-/•-///•"/■.  'I'llis  is  IK.t  llir  ll;imr  iif  :i  |ilil<v  —  i;,r  1  |,.|-i,||f  ,lu,.i,  i,,  |,.,.|iin(i 
at  il  iiliicc  ciillrii  l)i'(i|  slni-li  -  lull  III'  a  niiliiriil  fnit  iiiv  nf  niniinij  ;  ,  y,-/  still 
Ciiiii'il   1111   iiyiv   ill    till'   Ofluiry    i-.laiiil>.    liriiii;-  ii    Hut .  sii  nils   ii,iiui||.  ,,f  l,|ii(|, 

siiitiilili-  riif  iiiiidiiiii-  mill  ilniwin;;-  ii|i  lioiit'-  ii] All  aminii  ilurjlinns  in 

tliiiM' ishiiiils,  ami  |.fiil.alily  ill  li-jand  al>...  :iiv  -.iiiiat.-il  >i,  a>  tu  lia  vr  llir 
miviiiitii^iv  III  this  kiliil  III  iiiitiiia!  u  liail,  ami  tin'  spit  nl  laml  iiillnl  an  a\  iv. 
vi'l-yottcti  iiasa  small  lal^r  or  |,nmi  insiiji'iif  it.  wiiirli  -lirltifs  linats.—  /..n',,,/ 


•J  I 


i'i!i:((ii,iMiii  \\  itis((»\  r;i{\  oi' 


Tlirii   llicv   Mliird   Iwo  (lii  V-  mill   ninllt-   Itrt'orc  llicv  m(i|    >i^'llt 

«>r  liiiid  Miziiiii.  'riit'V  Msked  |'ii:inic  ir  llicv  llioii^lil  this 
witiilil  lie  ( ii-iM'iil:iiiil  :  lull  lit'  u';i\  ('  Iii>  (i|iiniiiiiili;il  ilii'  Iiiik! 
\v;i>  iiii  iimif  <  irrciihiiiil.  iIimii  tlif  himl  tln'V  li:iil  sc»'ii 
lict'ni'c.  **  l-'or  (HI  ( irct'iil;iii(L  il  is  said,  tlicrt'  ;iit'  urt'iit 
snow  iimiiiitaiiis.'"  'rin'y  soon  canir  near  to  the  land,  :iiid 
saw  timt  it  Wiis  llal  :iiid  < ovcicd  with  tiers.  Now,  as  tlic 
wind  It'll,  the  >lii|i"s  |M'o|i|('  tallsfd  of  its  licini;-  advisaldc  lo 
nuiUc  tor  till-  land;  Imt  rdanif  would  not  ai^rcc  t(»  it. 
'riii'v  tlioiiii'lit  that  thi'V  would  need  wood  and  wiitrr;  hut 
l'>i:ii'ni'  said:  '■  ^"^'  ai't>  not  in  wiint  of  cither."  .\iid  the 
nuMi  hhiincil  him  tor  this.  He  ordered  theiii  to  iioist 
tlie  >;iil,  which  w;is  done.  Thev  now  turned  the  ship's 
lii>w  I'roiii  the  land,  jind  kept  the  sea  lor  three  davs  and 
niii'hts.  w  itii  ;i  line  hree/.e  Ironi  southwest.  Then  tliev  saw 
:i  third  land,  which  w:is  hii;h  ;ind  nioiintjiiiioiis,  and  with 
siiowv  nioiinlains.  'I'lien  tlu'v  asked  l»iariie  if  he  would 
land  here:  hut  he  ret'used  alloyi'ther  :  •'  l''or  in  ni_vi>pini()n 
this  land  is  not  what  we  want."'  Now  lliev  let  the  sails 
stand  and  kept  alonu'  tlu'  land  and  saw  it  was  an  island. 
Then  tliev  turnt'd  t'roin  the  land  and  stood  out  to  sea  with 
the  same  hi-i'e/i' :  hut  the  i;ale  increased,  and  I'darne 
ovdei'i'd  a  i\H'!'to  he  taken  in,  and  not  to  sail  harder  than 
till' ship  and  lu'r  tackle  cmild  easily  hcai.  Alter  sailinu- 
thi'iH'davs  and   niiihts.  thi'v   madi',  tiie   roiirth   time,  land; 


' 'I'll!'  tlc'tiiils  111'  this  voyaii'c  ni'i'  vrrv  siiii|ilc.  \ d  wliocvci'  tlirnws  iisidc 
liis  dill  lillic  ]ircill<lii'rs.  iilld  ciiii^idrrs  tllr  wlmlc  suliircl  willi  llir  cure  wliicli 
it  di'MTX  (■>.  CMlilldl  iillirrw  Im'  lliall  licl  |M'VsUiidi'd  tliiil  tVianii'  W;is  dfivrii 
iil"in  lliis  I'diitiui'iu.  Mild  lliiil  ihr  hind  si'cu  \\iis  ihcfuast  n['  ihiit  j^ri'iil 
inritury  whiili  stnlchcs  hctwiiii  Miissacliiisclls  and  New  t'(.':.,iiiaiid,  tur 
thill'  is  no  diluT  land  \i<  answer  ilie  descriptinM.  (If  cimrsi  .  nn  particular 
tnrri;  can  lie  claimed  fui'  this  disciiver_\ ,  It  was  also  accidcital,  siiinelliiiiu' 
lik''llie  disie\,'i'\  111'  America  iiv  ('ninmlins.  w  ho,  in  Imikine- fur  the  l\ast 
Indies.  r-I  mnliled  ll|iiin  a  new  werld.  \  et  Hiarne's  discciverv  snnn  led  III 
siilistanlia!  results. 


m 


'V  .H'ltl  >ii;'lit 
loii^lil  tliis 
ill   llii'  liiliil 

had  x'cii 
'  art'  MTcat 
('  laml,  anil 
Ii)\v,  as  till' 
(IvisaMc  lo 
i^ri'c  to  it. 
watrr:  ImiI 
Ami  the 
II    to    lioist. 

tlif  sliip's 
t'  (lavs  and 
•II  tlit'v  saw 
N  ami   with 

he  would 
my  opinion 
ft    the  sails 

an  island, 
to  sea  with 
iid  r>iarm> 
ardcr  than 
Ih'i'  sailinn' 
inu>.  land  : 


lln'iiws  Msidi' 
III'  ciiii'  wliicli 
111'  w;is  (li'i\cii 

of    lluil     JiTlllI 

I  "..idliiiid.    to  I' 

nil    |i!Wlic'lll;if 

al,  soniclirnii;' 

J'  I'lir  till'    l''iisl 

V    SIHIII     Icii    to 


.\Mi;i;H  A    in     ril|.;   MtUTIIMKN  .)-, 

and  wli.'ii  ihry  aslv.-d  I'.iarm' it' he  iIioiim1i(  (his  was  (livm- 
'""•I  '"•  ""I.  I!i;inir  iv|.|ics:    •• 'rhi>   i>   mo-t    likr  what    has 

'"'"  •<''''  111''  "'l'<ii niand:   and    hi-iv  wf  shall  take  to  lh(> 

l.iiid."  'I'htw  did  -o,  and  came  to  the  land  in  the  <'V.'niiin', 
iiiid.T  a  nrss.  wh.ir  (liry  toiind  a  hoat.  On  this  ncss 
dw.li  I'.ianic's  liiih.T,  Ijeriidf;  and  iVoni  thai  it  is  ('allrd 
ll"'iiiill'ncss,  jliaiiM'  w.'iil  to  hi.  liitlnT',-,,  m.;,v,.  ii|,  sca- 
rarin,-',  and  allrr  his  rathn'^  death,  r.>ntiniird  to  dwrll 
llicic  when  al   hoiiir. 


SK((i.M»  .\.M;i;.\ltV|", 

A  man   nam.><|    lirnnlf,  so '  |!;nd,  son  of  llrrinU;  a 

ivlati..n  to  Laiidiiamsn,;,,,  |,ii,,,|i;  wh..  -aw  the  last  iiaumd 
llrriidf  Ih.'  |mr..  of  |;,„d  thai  lirs  hrlwcm  N'aai^'and  \lr]. 
I<i;i.irs>.  TlM'yonn-cr  Il,.ri,dl'  wmt  to  <  ;nv,dand,  whn, 
Knr  Krd  hfi^an  to  sntl-  ihnv.  and  on  his  ship  was  a 
Chnstian  man  iVom  th..  South  Islands  |||m.  ||,.hri<|,.s|  who 
was  flu.  author  of  the  )„„.m,  //unpn/oH/ar,  in  which  was  Iho 
following-  \('i'st' ; 

I   In  till'  inniik's  jiidlcctdi-  |ii;iv 
'I'lllll   lie  will  ojvi'  my  vuv.mc  luck  ! 
'I'lic  licivrn's  Liri'.il  l.'iilor 

S.IVr  nil'   IVolli   ij.ili.ji'i' 

ll''i'iiiiri<'"k  lM.ss,.ssiono|'ll..|'iii||slio,.,|,;,nd  hcramr  on.' 
"''  ""■  '■'''•''■  '"••"•  '■''■!'•  '»'•■•'  '""l<  t"  himsi'ir  Kii.'.lioi-d 
:"""'^'"'  '"  l!''=i<lahlid,  and  l.i'it;  his  son,  afHT  his  d.'afh.' 
''''"'■■'''  ""'"  ^^■'"'  ="  'I'"  -I'lM.  limr  wi'iil  awav  with  Kv\r 
Inok  possession  of  iIm'  liillowinu'  pi.'iM'sof  land:  llerinir 
Hcnultslioid,  and  hr  lived  in  lleii,iHi„'ss,  Ketil  Ketilslionl, 
K'afii  Kafiisliord,  Siilve  S.llvedale,  Snom,  Thorhrandson' 
Alptelionl.  Tiioil,ion.:,|,,ia  Sinleliord,  Kinar  Kinarsliord, 
Uav-iim  llav-riiii>|ionl  and  N  alnaliveri;  Ainlaii-  Arn- 
l.-ni^-linrd;  hi,l  some  went  to  the  we.t  hyo-.l.      A  Mian^named 


26 


IM{I':('()I,CM!?I.\N   |)ISC()VKI?V  OF 


'I'liorkcl  K')rsark.  roiisin  lo  Mric  Red  on  tlirir  motlici-'s 
silk',  went  to  (irct'iihind  willi  l<>ric,  and  took  ])osscssi()i\  of 
IIva!s(')tior(i.  toLi'dlicr  with  the  ^I'calcr  |>art  of  tlic  pu'cc  of 
land  lu'twccii  lOvolfsfioi'd  and  l'yniarslioi'(K  and  lived  in 
Ilvalosiifni'.  Fi'oni  liini  came  llic  I  !vals(')rioi-d  proplc. 
He  was  verv  sti'onii'.  Onrc  Hi'ic  Ucd  visite*!  liini,  and  lie 
would  welcome  liis  yuest  in  the  lies!  wav  possiMe,  hut  ho 
liad  no  hoats  at  hand  whieh  he  could  use.  lie  was  eom- 
pelled  to  swim  out  to  livalsl'i,  and  uet  a  I'ull-iiTown  slieep/ 
and  earrv  it  on  his  hack  home  to  his  house.  It  was  a 
good  half  mill'.  Thorkel  was  huiicd  in  a  cave  in  the  tiekl 
of  llvalsolioi'd. 


IV.  LKIKS  V()VA(;K  to  VlXLAXl). 

Tliis  voyati'e  is  recorded  in  the  Fdit'i  Mdtoisrript,  and  is 
given  in  Aii/i'/ii''fafi.'<  Ah-n  riraiKi \  |)[).  2(!-4().  It  contains  the 
account  of  the  voyage  of  Leif.  son  of  Mric  the  lied,  who, 
following  out  the  hints  of  Uiarne,  sailed  to  discover  the 


'  ( 'onsidcralilc  iisis  Iicimi  siiiil  ill  Mirimis  tiiius  in  ii|i|i(isili(iii  to  tlicsc 
acctuiiits,  liccausc  ciitllc  ami  slircp.  ami  sninctiiiii's  Ikhscs,  air  iiirnliiiiicl  in 
(■luuiri-tiiiii  wiili  ( J  rci'iilaiul.  Sdinr  ha\r  sup|MiM'il  tlial,  liir  tlicsr  icasniis. 
till'  Satia  lllll--t  III'  iliriil  Ti'Cl.  ^l'I.ill  lliiir<'  ninili'iii  lilliis,  liirrc  lias  lici'li 
iiiilliinii' til  pi'c\  rnt  llii  I'l'iiph'  liMin  kiTpinn'  micIi  aniiiials,  i  IhmiliIi  ii  lias 
lu'i'ii  liiumlliiitci'  111  siilisiit  nil' il(iM>  lur  Ikhs's.  ('rani/.  sa\ '^,  i  !ia;  iii"!li(' 
year  {I'l'.K  mu'  m'  mir  inissloiiaiics  iu-uu^lit  llirci'  slicrp  witli  liiiu  IViiiii 
l)riiiuark  t(i  Nrw  ll"n'uhutli.  'I'hrsi  haxc  mi  inrrrasril  liv  Iirinu-iiiLi'  scniic 
two,  siiiiir  llivi'r  laiiilis  a  vrar.  that  tln'V  have  Iutii  able  tn  kill  smni'  rvcry 
year  siacr.  tn  srml  Siilllr  ti:   Lii'lllrHlrls.  Inf  a  I  iri^'i  lllli  no-  ihrrr.  aUil.  ai'trf  all, 

t(i  winter  tt'ii  at  jit'csriit,  W'r  may  jinlii'i'  Imw  vastly  swcci  ami  iiiitritivi' 
till'  t^Tass  is  lici'c.  tViiiii  tlir  I'lilliiwiiiii' inkriis  :  tliat  llm' tluTi'  laiiilis  (■(iiiic 
t'nnii  mil  cv.r,  llay  afi'  lafiirr.  I'Vcii  in  aulninn.  lliaii  a  s!ii'"p  nl'  a  yrar  nlil 
in  (irrinany."  lli'says  llial  in  iIh'  sminiirr  tln'v  i-milil  past  ur.' two  Imn 
(Irril  slli'i'p  uriillllil  Nrw  1 1  i'lnlilllli  ;  ailil  that  lliry  fnlinii-ly  kept  riiws, 
liiit   that    il    pi'iiW'il    Inn  iniicli  Irmililr. — llislnrii  nf  ( ■  m  nlnuil .   vol.  I.  p.  T-1. 


m  r'l^to" 


AMKRICA   HV    TllH  Noin'lI.MKN. 


27 


iiiothci'  s 

(■ssi()i\  (if 

p'u'cc  of 

lived  in 

people. 

,  and   lie 

',  Imt   ho 

.'as  eoiii- 

11  sliei'it,' 

It  was  a 

the  field 


/)/,  and  is 
itaiiis  the 
led,  who, 
over  the 


111  1(1  tlicsr 
riiiiiiiu''!  in 
■sr  iciisoiis. 
■<•  !lMS  liri'li 
iiinli    ii     liiis 

lit;  in  ••  <.  Ill' 
I  liiin  Iriiiii 
lu-iiiM'  siiiiic 

snliii'  every 
1.1.  ili'tel'  !\ll, 

111  nutritive 

iinilis  come 

a  year  cilil 

[■e  t\V(i    llllll 
ke|il    enws. 

vdl.  I.  11.  71. 


now  liiiid,  whieli  lie  called  \'iiilaiid.  on  aeeoiiiit  of  tlio 
•  jiiantilv  (tf  vines  tli.'tt  he  I'oiind  !^-i'o\vinn'  wihh  Si'veral 
oxtracls  are  tijiiu'iided,  heeaiise  ol'  iiitefest  in  eomieetion 
with  the  suhject. 


[A.  1).  !1S4.]     rt  i.^  next  to  he  told  thai  r.ianu- Ileriiiltson 
eame  over  iVoiii  (ireeiiland   to   Norwav.  on   a   visit   to  Marl 
Krie,  who  n^eeived  liim  well,     liiai-ie  tells  of  this  e.xpeditioii 
otitis,   in   wliieli   he  hail  diseovu.'d   unknown   land;    and 
]n'0)ile  ihoiioitl  he  had  iiol  lu'eii  Vi-ry  eiifioii..^  to  L-'et  know- 
ledge, as  h(   eould  not  ^-ive  any  aeeount  of  those  eonntries, 
and  he  was  somewhat  hianiedon  this  tieeount.     [A.  I).  itSO.] 
Uiiiine  was  niadi'  a  Conrt  man  of  the  earl,  and  the  summer 
after  he  went    over  to  ( irei'iilaiid  ;    and  afterwards  there 
wa^  mni-h  talk  ai)ont  diseoverin-;-  unknown  hinds.      Leif,  a 
son  oi"  Krie  livd  of  Hnittahlid,  went  over'  to   Hiarne  Ileri- 
ulfson,  and   hoiii,dit  the  ship  iVoin   him.  and   manned   the 
ve.ssel,  so  that;  in  all,  tliere  were  thirty-live  men  on   Ixnird. 
Leif  he,u-i.red  his  father  Krie  to  go  as  eommunder  (  f  the 
oxjiedition  ;  hut  he  exeiised  himself,  sayinn-  he  was  n:ettiii<,' 
old,  and  not  so  ahh-  as  formerly  to  underi>-o  the  hardship 
of  a  sea  voya-re.     Leif  insisted  that  he  anion.i,'  all  their 
relations  was  tin-  most  likely  to  iiave  nood  liiek  on  si.eli  tin 
e-xjieditioi   ;  ate'  Kri,.  eoiisente<l,  and  rode  from  home  with 
i-eil,  whet:  il, -y  had  o;,)!  all  ready  for  , sea-    hm    when   ^hey 
\vere  e,  n.  ii-  near  to  the  ^hip,-  the  horse  on    which    Krie 


'lie  imist  have  ir,,ne  (iver  t(.  (iivei.lan.l  I'm;,,  X,,rur.y  then,  a.>  in  the  year 
KMKI.  he  returned  and    intr.Mliieed  Christianity    int.i  (iicenhuid.     'I'liejan 

e-uae-e  USeil  Is  illdeliliile, 

M»ne  reivpsi.iiKif  the  Sa^ra  uf   Kri<'  tiie   |{,.d.  stat.'s  that    he   •.    ^nt    with 

I.eil'.m  his  v.iyajiv  t,,  V'inlaii,!.  Finn  .\|ae„„s,.:,  says  thai  the  error  arose 
from  a  chanefe  of  ,„„■  lett.'r  in  a  j.air  of  shori  uords^  See  /; ,-r,„/,i„,r.s  His 
turisL    .\fiiiil,.i„i,i'r/.ii\  vol.  I.  J,,   in. 


'JS 


i;i:i  t>i,i  Mi;i  w   i>isc(t\  r.i.M   di-' 


wn--  ritliim',  sliMiilili'd,  .uiii  lie  ti'l!  Iimii  hi-  lioisi''  :inil  lniil 
liis  Tool.  ■•  li  i-  (1("-I  iiicd,  "  Niiiil  I'liir,  ••  !li:il  I  ■^lioiild  IH'\('I' 
ili'-fii\  (  r  mon  l;ni«U  I  li.in  ;  lii<  .il'  (  i  (■'■ciihiml ,  on  w  liirli  we 
li\'t' :  and  \\<>\\  \\r  musi  imi  run  li;i-lil\  inlu  lliis  jnKfn- 
inii'.""'  I'",iii  ar.'iM'dinuh  I'rliinii'd  hunir  to  ImiiI  lald'nl.  In,, 
I. ('it.  wiili  lii-  <i>nii  adi's.  in  all  llniM\'  li\c  nnai,  ri^'^'cd  out 
llu'i]'  \^'^M•I.  'rin'i'c  \\a<  a  U!.in  iVuni  llic  soiitli  lonnlrv 
•  •idled  'I'vrk.a-.  W  nil  llic  (  \ii.'.lni,ui.  |.\.1>.  llKKI.]  'I'lirv 
'III  tlic  >\\\\<  111  nrdri',  iilid  pUl  lo  -^ca  U  lli'll  lln'\  Were  ready. 
'riii'V  'ii'>l  canu'  lo  ilir  l,,,id  wliicli  Hiarnc  had  last  dis- 
to\('red.  ■'ailed  it|i  In  ii,  easi  anchor,  piii  on!  a  lioal  and 
wei'.I  on  shore.  \\\i\  ihei'e  wa'-  iio  '^ra---  lo  l>e  seen.  There 
were  laruc  -111  \\_\  iiionmaiii' '  up  t  In'  loiinlry:  Iml  all  llie 
way  iVom  llic  s,'a  up  lo  lhe>e  -now  \  ridL:,'('s,  ihe  land  was 
one  iii'ld  ol'siiow.  and  it  appeared  lo  llieiii  a  country  ol' no 
ad\  aiilat:*'-..  I.eil'said;  '-It  sliall  not  lie  said  i>l' iis,  as  it 
\\;;s  ot'  liiariie.  thai  we  did  not  conic  upon  the  land  ;  lor  1 
will  ui\>'  the  country  a  name,  and  call  it  I  lelliiland.' 
Thi'ii  they  went  (Ui  hoarii  ai','aiii  and  put  to  sea.  and  I'ouiid 
another  Ian. I.      They  sailed    in    towards    it,  put    out  a    hoat. 


'  liorsis  I'.uilil  111'  kr]ii  in  ti  ri'i'iilaiuj  iiMW.nnl)  wiili  iiuiili  (Aprils, •.  it 
Ml'l'.iils  lliiU  :iniiriill>  il  v\:is  nut  s.  i,  I  iiciiMilitrillv  lliiii'  liiis  li.;ii  iiiurr 
ev  irss  ,■!  iliaiiL;.'  ill  rliinalf.  ',  ii'iili";isls  liml  cv  iilrncc  1  lull  ;il  mir  lii'iiiiil,  ii 
liii;'il_\   irii|iir;il  iliniMir  must    !i;i\  c  cNisiiil  in  ilir  ni>illiriii  i-c;;i,in>, 

'  Siip^Tsrniiin  \\:',si!i,  |i;ini' el'  1  h,'  N.hi  liinan's  Ii  jr.  Ilrwasalse  ii  lirni 
lM'li'\rv  ill  l-"ai,'  I  hr  ilo,  irin.-or  |-'air  held  ilir  linrsi  N.ni  lirrn  inimls  in  a 
\icrlik.'  Lli-asp,  s.i  ilial  ir.  inaiiv  rasrs  tlnir  li\,s  wrvr  I'unl iniiallv  hmv 
shailewi.l  liy  a  i^iral  s.iri'.iw  One  el  lln'  sailil.sl  illusn-al  ii  mis  ciT  iliis 
I'llirl.  ina\  li'  liMiiiii  in  I'a-  S,!,:.'  .if  ( <  n  tt  i  r  tin  St  roini  [v^i'wiW  in  liaiin^' 
(i.niM's  \\ei|>  on  li,'laii.|i.  a  Saija  in  wlii.li  Ihc  diielrinr  a|i|irais  wilh  a 
pewrr  ;lial  is  well  .li^li  ai'i'allinL'. 

■  >enn'  >n|>|Misi'  ihal  lie  w  as  a  •  iii'inan.  el  lieis  I'laiin  l  lial  lie  was  a  'I'lii-U  , 
lis  his  name  miyht  indieaii'. 

'Sr.iiwv  nieimlains.  ,A'7,'A'/'  miklir.  such  as  ('lia|i|iell  meiilieiis  liaxiiiij- 
111 'en  sri'M  en  the  enasl .  .1  line   I  I.   IMS, 

Ihliiiland,  tieiii   //,■■./,  a  II  a  I  -Inii-.  an  almndaiir.-  .'f  w  liicli  max    h.-  linind 
in  LahradiT  and  ihe  re^ien  reiiiid  aheiil. 


AMKliK  A    in     1111.   M'IMIIMI  N 


0() 


;mi(I  liilil 

iM   IH'\  tT 

\  liicli  \\  I' 
IS   ;i(l\i'ii 
ihli. 1.1.1. 
^•o('(|    (111! 
<i  III  II I  rv 
L  1      Tlirv 

ic  rcMily. 
I:is|    dis- 

liiMl  and 
I.  'riu'ic 
III  all    llir 

land  was 
il  I'v  (>r  no 
r  11-,  as  il 
lid  ;  lor  1 
Irllnlaiid. ' 

ml    roiiiiil 
a    lioal, 

spi'll-r.  Il 
llirll  lll'il'i' 
illr  IMriiid.  !l 
111--. 

:il>ii  a  linn 
n  iiiiiul  -  in  a 
1 1 1 11  a  1 1  >  1 1  \  I  ■  r 
.11^  i.r  lliis 
11  ill  liaiiiiL;' 
nai--   v\  li  11   a 

\\a>  a  'I'lirU. 

rioii>   lia\  iii!i' 

n;i\    1m'  rmiii.l 


and  lainlcd.  'riii'  t'oiinlrv  w  i>  llal,'  and  (i\  la^row  ii  willi 
wood:  and  llic  >trand  lar  around,  (■onsi--|i'd  i>\  a  wliilc 
sand,  anil  low  lo\vai<U  llir  sea.  'riicii  Lcil'  <aid  :  "  W  r 
shall  l;i\i'  lliis  land  a  Mann'  arcocdinL  lo  i|s  kind,  and 
i;il|cd  il  Mai'klaiid."'  'riim  llics  lia-lfiii'd  on  lioard,  and 
|illl    n  .  -ca  aLiaill  W  illl    lliowilld    rioln    I  ln'  l|ol|  jicuxl  .  ;ind    \\^•\■r 

(•III  I'or  I  u  o  da\^  and  made  land.  'I'lu'V  -.ailed  jouai'ds  il, 
and    caim'    lo   an    i-daiid  '    uliicli     lav    on    llu'    noilli    su\i- 

' 'I'lli'-  ajili  IS   H  il  h    !  Iir  iMIirliil    Irallircs  cl    I  lir  loiinl  |\         'I'hi-    \"li/i    Alla 
)■},■, III    I'ilnt  (Il  >iTilii"-    llii'  lainl  ariMiiiil   llalilav.  a-.  "  lnw    in  im  iid'al.  iiml    iml 

\i--ili|i'     IWl'lllV      lllili-^    i.ll   .     I\r'i   |.l      Irmil     llir    i|llalli    1    llilK    nl      Jl     ^,|.\l■|ll^     I'nlll'- 

A  |"i-limnii  liil  U  liavi-  a  Iniir  ,  lev  !■!  a  1 1|  "a  la  iHr,  In  i  ,\  mi  (  'ii|ii'  I  ,r  I  hi  \  I'  ami 
I'l  HI  Miilw  ii\  .  I  III-  i'(iii-.|  111  I  lie  M  aw  aril  In  in;',  li\  il  ami  Inw  .  ami  I  In-  si  m  ins 
vvilli  wliili'  fiirk.-  ami  low.  liaiTiii  |iiiiiils.  Iiniii  lliciici-  In  Sln'lliiinir  anil 
I'ml  li'ii--iv\  a\  .  ai  r  w  (hmU.  Niail'ml  I  laliliniaii  air  -lAiial  lia  in  ii  I'lari'-., 
ami  llii'iiir  111  t'a|'i'  Salilr.  vvliirli  niaUi-.^  tin  -.niii  li\\  i>.l  iminl  iiiln  I 'ariin;' Imi 
Hav.  a  liu\   ami    wnmlv  i^laml  \  iilii/nihili  n  A  nn  n'rdini .  \>.    I'.'.l 

'  .MarUlamI  is  sii|i|iiisii|,  willi  Lli'iat  i-rasmi.  In  lir  \'i\a  Sinlia.  sn  \mII 
(lisciiliid,  linlli  in  llir  Sat;a.  ami  in  lln  ('"■ml  I'ilnt.  MaiM;iml  inniiis 
xMiinilaml  'I'wii  iiii\>  sail  llinirr.  Iiimi^lil  llnni  in  \ir\\  ul'  ('u|ir  ('ml. 
llimi^vli   vrrv   likrl\    llir  sailing;  liinrisiiiil  inirni 

''I'liis  islami  lias  liImii  iln-  iiiirr|irrinv,  runsiilrralilr  limilili  liiini  ilir 
larl   llial   il   is  >aiil  In  lir  In  llir  miiiliuiinl  nl  i|ir  laial.       Ami  rmlrvM  ,i    l.'alii, 

ill    nl'ilrr   In    iili   nli|\     lliis     i--|;uii|    uitll      Nallllh   kri.   >llin\..   llial     ill,-    millji    {iliinl. 

cl'  llir  li-rlamlic  rnni|ias~  la\  Inwanl.-.  llir  ra>l,  liiil  llii^  lln,-.  niil  laiils 
nil  i  llir  ra^r,  'I'lirl'i'  unillil,  |ir||ia|is,  lia\r  lirili  nil  lliHirH|l\  111  llir 
iiilrr|.i'rial  inn.  il'llir  Nm  l  Inin  .\iilii|iiaiian:- liiul  limi  aii|iiaiiilril  wiih  ilir 
liii'l.  llial    in  rail\   linir^  an    i>laiiil    r\islril    nnrl  liwanl   Imiii    ,\aiil  mkrl .  nii 

tllr  n|i|insilr  cnasl    nl' (  'al'r  (  'ml.        'I'll  is   islll  11(1 .   I  n^/rl  IliT    w  i  I  1 1    a    lal'Jir     jininl    nl' 

la  ml  «  llirll  iinw   lias  alsii  ili>a|i|irarril,  r\  islnl  in    I  lie  I  iiiio  i  il'  <  ii  l^nnll|    \\\\i\ 

sail  111   a  I'll  11  IK  I    <  'apr  (  'nd,   in    Hit)'.',        'I' lie    liii'llinn   nil  hir.  is  la  in  I,    ln;.;il  In   r  \\  il  ll 

llir  {mini  nl    laiiil.  i-.  i  Ir  li  mal  i  ■(  I  in  lln-  nia{>   rivm  in  |||,.  .\|i|ii  mii\        ,\l  diir 

linir.  Milllr  llnlllll  r\islri|  ill  IrMalil  In  llir  I  l  II I  1 1  I  11  1  nrr-,^  nl  l||r  armllllls,  llil' 
tlir  lra,-.ii|l  llial  llliisr  |  ml  I  ii  H  is  nl  lallil  1 1'  srri  1 1  1 1 .  IK  i  Inn^^r  r  r  \  i^.|  n  I .  \i[ 
llirir    |Misilinns    VMIr   laiil    (Inwii    with    ~rirnlilir    arciirai\        llir    nllirr   |in.  lidll 

I  iT  ill.'  islami  licinij'  I'allril  l'"iiii  *  'air.  w  hilr  1 1 i  Inr  imini  \\a>  (  allrij  I'nini 

( iilliri'l        Nrillnr  .\rr|iri  imr  liicii  imi  ill  I  lirir  ac(iiunl>  nT  I  i(  isiinld  s  \  ( i\  an;i.. 

H'ivr  llir  nan I'  l  lie  islami  ;    Iml  (  'aplain  .Inlm  Sinil  li.  in   I  HI  I,  call:,  il    ■    l-|r 

NawsrI."  Sinilli's  llixliirii  "f  \' i  nji  niu .  \nl  ll,  |i.  |s:;.  'Ilri^.  i..laiiil  wa^nl' 
till' ilrill  tiii'iiialinii.  and   iis   laic  a-.   Iialt'a  criiiiir.v  ayn   a    |inrli(iii   n|    ii  >till 


pmrr-^ 


;io 


iM{i;t'(>i,iMm.\N  niscovi'.iiv  oi- 


i>r  tilt'  ImihI,  wlicrc  tlu'v  ilisciiil'irkcd  '  to  \v;iil  tor  ^I'dod 
WCilllliM'.  'riiiM'c  \v;is  (lew  iijinii  tlic  ^Tilss  ;  iiild  liaviliL!,' 
nccitlciitallv  u'ottiMi  skihc  oI'  llir  dew  iipon  tlicii-  liiinds  :iiid 
imt    it    ill    tlirii-   lUDiillis,   tlicv  llmiiL^lit  lliiit    llu-v  li:id  m'vrr 


i'l'iii^iiiii'il.  licmo"  riilli'il  Sim  Hii'-li  'I'lic  siili|c'cl  Ims  lin'ii  vny  i-iiri'liiljv 
yniii'  inlii  \'\  Mr  (Mis.  In  lils  |i!un|>lili'l  mi  llic  /H^ri^n  rjj  nj'  iii,  Anriiiit  Ship 
iihCi/ii  ''.III  I'lMlrssnr  Ayi'.ssi/.,  writ  illy  l>i'i'i'iiiliri'  I  J.  1S(!:!.  siivs  :  "Sill' 
|irisiii}^  Mill  |iii'liii|is  ill- ■■■  dililc  lis  ilic  siiiii'iuriils  iij'  Mr.  Anms  Otis  nin.v 
•  iji/h  ,1 1\  lln  \  iili'  nr\  rrl  'ir'c-s  I  lie  iliri'i't  Mini  MM  I  iumI  inl'iTriin'  of  iIic  (lllS(•|■v 
Mtiol|s  \\  iiii'l,  iiim\  lie  CM  si  1  niMili'  mIhII;.;  I  lii  rMslcril  I'liiisl  (i|'(  '.■ipr  (  'ml.  Iliiv  illir 
111'  ImIt  I'l'll  M  s|ii'i'iMl  inli'c'.i  in  tlic  o-.'iilnoirMi  ~l  niil  Ml'.'  '<\'  I  IimI  rriiiMiKMlili' 
n-yiiui.  I  li.'vc  vr|icMlrcll\  \i-.itcil  ii  iliirin,".  iIii'|im>i  suinniir,  mihI.  in  I'mii 
pnn\  "iili  .Mr  (liis,  lAMininril.  nn  unr  m'l  iisimi.  wiili  liir  niosi  miniilr  cmi'i', 
lln'  ixiili  ,irr  nl'  llir  I'.irnii  T  lAislciu'i'  nl  Isir  NMii--ri  Miiil  roinl  (iilhrlM.  I 
Iciim.i  i  MS  sMlislMi'tory  us  miiv  u'l'i'li'iiii'Ml  rvidriuT  tmii  lir,  Iti'siiirs  its 
srii'lll  i  ,11'  inlrrrst."  Iir  Mi  Ms.  ■'  I  lii-.  rcsiill  Ikis  s  iliii-  liisli  ilii'M  I  inilinrlMlli'i'.       At 

mII  I'.i'iils  il  liillv   xinilii'Mlis  .Xrilicr's  m ninl  nl   tiir  ms|i,m|  nl'  ('m|ii'  ('ml.  m1 

till' liiiii' ol'its  ilisi'nvrry  in  lllO'J,  miuI  sliows  iiini  In  liMvr  limi  m  Inillilnl 
Mini  Mi'i'iifMlr  iiliscM'MT."  l?iU  piissilily  llw  \  iiiilirMlioii  niM\  i  a  I  mil  liMi-k  <  \i\\ 
Inlhc  N.H'tlmi''ll,  wilKln  llh'  IrMl'llril  lirnrcssiir  Mini  lli>  rnlMlmr.'l'S  iliil  llnl 
liM\r    in    inillii  ;     i's|u'riMll_v     Ms     this    ilisiMXiTy     will    lirlp    \  rv\     lllMh'ViMlly    in 

I'Nlihiin  ilirir  ili'sri-i|ii inns.  N'nw  ,  in  llir  liisi  Mi'rniiiii  nl'  Tlinriinn  KMrlscrni''H 
|iMssMii.'  M  mil  ml  iliis  |iMri  nl'  ihc  X'inlMinl,  il  is  smiiI  iIimi  ilmv  rMlld  ilir  slmrc 
Will, ill  r  st I'll iiil.  "  lin'Miisi'  lliry  wiTi'  sn  Inni;'  nniny  !iy."  \  rt  Mii\  •'111'  ill 
SMililiji' pMsi  till'  1- iMsi  linhiy  will  iini  lie  --truck  uilli  ils  Icn^ili  Uui  liy 
jXlMtlcillc-  Ml  lllc  I'.'CnnsU'llctcil  lliM|i  nl'  ( ':'|ic  V 'nil  (>;.■,'  .\  (i]  icniliN  I.  I  lie  rcMiliT 
will  liinl  lliMl  llic  c  >Mst  line  is  c|-cmi1.\  iiici  cMsi'd.  •- «  lliMl  in  nr.lci- In  |imss 
Mini  I  ml  I  lie  CMjic.  llic  11M\  iilMlnl'  11  ll!--!  sM  i  I  M  lnll;u  ill>l  iHU'c  ,  Mini.  i'nni|  im  I'i  IILT 
lllis  ilislMlli'c  tl'MNclliil  \xilli  llic  ilislMlicc  mcIumIIx  cmIiicI.  iIic  Nnl'llimcii 
iiiiniii  wcllcvnw  wi'Mi  \  .  Mini  cmII  il  \\  nml,  r  s|  iMiin.  This  i|iiilc  relieves  llic 
liillii'llllN  tllMl  WMs  Icll  liy  rrnl'essnr  UmIii.  w  hn  hllinrcil  in  shnw  ll.Ml  ihc 
ishiml  ill  iilie-linn  WMs  NmiiI  uckel.  iinl  w  ilhstMlliline-  the  Imc!  lliMl  il  Im\  Inn 
ImV  CMSI  l'"nr  M  t'llllcr  klinwlcile,'  nl'  |>|c  NMllscI.see  \i  ir  h'/ii/i'ii ml  //i.\ 
turii-  iiiiil  (!i  iiiiiliiijiciil  liiijixtir.  \nl.  will.  |i.  Wi  .  iiiul  MiiKniirhii.fdlx 
Uistoririd  i'i'!iirtii'ii>.  \  nl    \iii.  series  ui.  |>|v  ;-J  '.i;!. 

'In  spcMkine;  nl'  the  iinniciliMlc  viciiiily  nl  Wiiiuli  r  nt  riiinl.  llie  srcnuil 
necnnnl  nt  'I'linrlinn  s  c\|icditinn  smn  s.  " 'I'licrc  were  |iliii'cs  witliniil  liar 
linl's."  w  hicli  lias  always  been  llic  case,  lliis  cnasl  liciiiij;  <liili>Jferniis  ;  yet 
il  is  saiil  iilinvc  that  "  lhe\  ImiuIciI  m  wmIi  I'nr  e'nml  uealher."  'I'liis  wmilil 
lie  iiiii'i'McticaMe  /c',r.  c\ce]i|  at  (  hat  ha  111  ;  \  el  at  tlia;  ihiy  .  iinl  willislainliiiii' 
th"  alls -nee  nt'   harhnrs.    tliev    wniihl    liiiil    ai'cnininnilatinn    I'nr   llicir  sinall 


.\Mi;iii<  A  in    iiii-;  noimiimI'In 


81 


liMvinu' 
mils  :iii(l 
1(1  iicvrr 

\    ciiri'liillv 

Ufil  III   ■'^/lip 

i\s  "  Sur 
^  Otis  111. IV 
111,.  i.l.s.TV 

III.  lliiviliU' 
I'ciiuiiUiilil'' 
11(1.  ill  riilii 
rniillc  I'lirc. 
(lilliiTl.  I 
Hi'si.li-^  lis 
irtiiiK'i'.      Al 

'■\yr  t  'imI.  ill 
I  :i  Inillltill 
a  liiirk  .  Mil 
l-.TS  ilill  IH'I 
li'fiililv     til 

KMllsrllir's 
1    ihr  >l|ill'C 

iii\  'itii'  ill 
I  l>ul  liy 
ilii'  r.aiirr 

111-  Id  puss 
r'.iiiiiiiil-inir 
Niulliiniii 
ivlii-vi-  till- 
lu  tli;il  till' 
il  il  l;i>  liii> 
ii/i'dliil  ///» 
is.siir/iii.ii  tlK 

ihr  si'ciinii 
,\illiiuit  liiir 
i;Triui>  ;    vet 

'I'liis  w.iulil 
viili^iaiidinti' 

lliiir  siuiill 


lasted  iinvlliinu'  so  swcrl  as  il  \v;is.'  'riicii  tlicy  went  (ni 
lioiinl  mill  s;iilri|  iiiti'  a  sound  -'  llial  \\;is  lirtwccii  tlic  island 
anil  a  nt's>  ■  llial  \vi  iit  out  iiortliwanls  Irom  liic  land,  and 
sailed  wcslw  aid  '  |ia-t  llieiiess.  'I'liere  was  nci'v  sliallow '' 
waler  in  elili  tide.  s<i  tlial  llieir  >lii|i  lay  '\vy  :  and  lliei'e  was 
a  loiiL'"  was  Iniween  their  sliip  and  the  water.  They  were 
si>  desirous  to  o-et  to  the  land  lliat  lliry  would  not  wail  till 
their  >hi|i  lloaled,  Imt  ran  lo  the  land,  to  a  |ilac('  whei'e  a 
riviT  eonies  out  of  a  lake.  As  soon  as  their  ship  was 
alloal    they    look    the    lioals,  roweil    to   the   shi]i,  towed    her 


vcssri  --.iiiiiw  lull'  lii'luriii  llif  i^hiiiii  :iMi|  llir  iii.'ii  h  hi  In  I.  l-'niiii  lirMilfipnl's 
llistiill/.  \>  '1\\  .  \\r  Ir.-rii  lliiil  ill  jlp'.'ll  (.  ihilr  was  ill  ||ii~  |iliiir  •■  u 
MllilH  Millll  llillliiilr  "  lllill  IviS  llllolllr  \  I'  llliiiiliriir  M II  Mil  llli  ivaki '  Itav." 
\\  liiili  III  ilii\  is  III  In  I  II 1 1  liy  irci  III  I  \  iiiniiiil  saiiilv  wastrs  ami  sail  liii'inlnvs. 
'I'liis  "  lijiinl  lia rliiiii'.'  Iiml  al  ils  iiiniilli  ii  irraclici'niis  liar  nl  siiinl.  il  llii.-< 
liarliiii-     liiiil    i\i>iii|    ill    ilir    ihiys    cil    ihr     Nnrlliiinii,    liny     uuiilil     iml    nt 

11 ssily    llisrii\  rr   il    ;     illlil     lirlicr    \\  llilr     l.i'il'     lllinlil      liiiM-     lilliili'il     llilr  mill 

I'liiiiiil  |iru;i'ciiiiii,  'I'liipi'jiiiii,  ill  |ii>  .'iiiii'li  liir^/iT  siii|i.  iiii;jlil  lia\  i-  I'hiiikI  it 
IH'cilliil  111  aiirlmr.  :is  lir  :i|i|Miirs  In  liiiM'  ilulir,  ill  llir  h:-i  m  mj^  liflurrii 
Isir  NilllSrl    mill    I'liihl     liillirll,     wllilr    i  A  |  i|i  ira  I  ii  HIS    Ui'li'    llrillil'    lliaili'    111!    ill"' 

IiiikI. 

'  ••  I  II  my  ijrw  ,"  say  >    I  >r.  Wilili.  ■' m-i-iirs    in  l!iis   miirlilMirl I."— .1//^/ 

ijiiiliilix  Aim  iii;i/iii .  |i.  I  la. 

'^'I'liis     sniiml       limy      lliivr     I II       llir      Walrr      lirlVM'in      I'lilll      IJillnTt      ami 

Islr    NilllS,! 

.\|-riii'r  -iiy  --  ill  1 1  is  iio-iiiiiii  111'  I  i  USUI  ill  is  \  liy  a  HI'  :    •■  'I\mI\  r  Irayurs  rrmii 

jllli'  ''llil  nil  I'iljii'  I'li'i,  \\i'  i|i--i-riril  a  liiiilit  I  I'uilll  liillirll  I  w  illi  -..iliir 
llllll'll.    a     liiiiiii    liislillir-    iiir."        Il     i-     .-iilli     llial     :Kr     nrss,    ,„■    ii||ir,     Wriil     out 

imrlliirii  III  \\\\\   \M'  iiiii>i   I'riiiriiili   r  !  Iial    M'.v7(/-,o>/  is  iiiiiiiii. 

'This  i-  |ir.i'is;iy   ilii' I'liiii-s  ■  tiiry    w  iiiilij  sniT  all'T  lii  milling    ihiii  urss  ur 
i'a|ii'   \\hii|i   ixisli'ii  ill  (iiisiiulil's  liay.  ami    uliicli    lir   iiaiiii'l    I'liini    liilli.Ti 
Till    ailtiinr   (inis  lint   iiyTrc  with    I'lMlrSsir  Uaril.   ill   lliai<ll|n   liiis  jinwit    In  iir 
at  ll aslrrii  iiili-aiin'  In  Hu//.iiiii's   Imy  .      it  hr  liiui  ktmun  n|  ihn  ixislrm'n 

nt'tllr   Kir    .\iUlsrl.    I|r    Wnlllil    llnl     ImVi'    lni,|,,.,|    |iir   liir    hiss   in     tilill    llriuiilinr 

liniid.  Al  llial  tiim- ( "aiir  .Maiiiliiir  prnliiihly  iliil  ||,,|  rvi>i,  us  wr  i\nuw  Imw 
l'a|>i(ii\  liiini  is  rnniiril  in  ihiii  viiinily  :  \ri  ii  v^niild  mil  hiixr  altnictiil 
tinllr.'  ill  riin|,jirisnii  uilii  tlir  M|-,.j,|   |,r,,a,|  jMiim   nii'mii  .iinil  hy   .VfrliT. 

.\ilt  T  |iii>siliy  I'njiii  (iiilii  II.  >||i,ii|   \Mi|.T  limy  iilin  —  l  :iiiyuh  ■.<■  \n-  Iniiml. 
whii-ii  iiiiprai's  til  llil  VI  ■  III 'I'll  1  jir  i-iis  •  iimi.|i>l\ 


:]-2  rin' «  oi  i  mhi  \\  i>is(()\  iin  oi 

n|>  llu'  ri\iM.'  :iMi|  li,Mn  llii-n,,-  nilo  lln'  hiki','  wlirii'  llicy 
■  ll-l  illlt  lli>r.  ciMlii'il  llirll  Ih'il.  iMIl  (i|  llic  ^ln|i.  iind  ■•.r\  li|i 
iImmi'  I. "Ill-,  riii'\  ii' ..'l\  I'll  |,>  |iiii  iliiii".  Ill  onli'i'  \<u 
wnilrriii'V  lliiM  .'.  Mihl  lli('\  t'li'.  t.'il  :i  hii'M'  li.ui.c.  'riirv  ilul 
HiM  w  :nil  liM  •mIiiii'ii.  1>,i|  Ii  m  l  lie  n\  iM'  mihI  in  I  lie  hike  ;  iiinl 
ll'.cx  llhMi",lil  llic  ^iiluiKii  l;ir''''r  lli;iii  ;iii\  lli.'\  !i;i(l  ever 
sct'ii  li>'|,Mi\  '\']\t'  ,'.'iinii\  ;i|>|'i';iri'(l  ii>  llit'in  nl'  .o  "dixI  ,•! 
Ivin<l.  lliiil  II  WiMilii  II. <i  111'  111'.'!' .-iii\  III  !';;itlii'r  ImMrr  lur 
llii"  >  :illl>'  lor  w  iiiliM.'  I'luMc  w  :i  -  no  lio  ;l  in  w  ml  rr. '  iiml 
lli«>  urn---  \\;i-  nol  iniii  li  w  il  luiciL  l>:i\  ;iiu|  nn'lil  ucit' 
lUiMi'  c.jinil  ili.iii  in  ( irc'iilMinl  mikI  Irt'linnl;  lor  on  llio 
shorii"--!  ila\   llic    ~iin  \\;i-ni    ilio   sU\   luMwocn    l*",\  klni  sliid" 


rih'in.i   \\  :!■-  ,  \  111.  lit  1\    S.'ti.'.inii.'l    |';\'.-^:i..;.'  iiii.l   I'.i.'.'i--'-.  I   lix.i 
'    rili-  ImK.'  i--  M.  HI  111    II.. I'.'   Hii\  I'll  I  •  \\  I  il.'l   ..(  llir  Siii.;;i   |i!i----r'-  .u  i  I    !  Ii;i( 

I'Mil  lit  ihr  \iix;\.;.'  nuiur.liiil  .In  I.>I  i.'w  hi.;  ilniililiii...  ..|  tlii'  iii-^'.  I'll.' 
t.iini-.l  ill  n;i\.'llino  iliiii  \\:i_\  l.\  rnil  will  ill  lii'-t  tiik.'  M.iiinl  lli>|.i'  liiiv 
l.u  M  ImIm' 

Siiliii.'ii  \>.r.'  t.iinii'ih  •^.1  (ilriii  itiil  ill  llii'-  \i.iiiit\.  llint  it  i'j  ■^iii.l  n 
villi'  ";!■-  Iiiii.l  ■,  I'l'.'V  i.liii!^  I  liat  iiia^l.  Is  -.li.Milil  nm  ..lilii.,'  tlirir  ;i|>|i|.'nl  irrs 
1.1  .'ill   lln--  li--li  I II.  IV.'  ill  111  I  1  w  1.'.'  11  w  rrk 

Ml   i-.  wiit  Kii.'W  II  1  lull  .'111  I  !r  III  I  lint  \  iriiiil  \  i  nil  pM----  I  li.'  vv  ml  .'i  \\  ii  li  lilt  li' 

or  no  sill '111 'I  .  Ill  111  I  llr  ^lll■.'|>  I'll  NllllI  U.'k.l  ,  I'll  11,  \\  ll.'ll  ll.'.'.'ssMI  \  ,  lllkr  i  lll'i' 
0|   llll'lllM'K  I". 

riu>  i-  nil  I'Miooi'viuiiMi.  oi ,  )'.  »-iiil\  .  ill.'  \\  I  iii'i,  w  111.  wii-.  II.  ii  x\  II  h  I  ho 
I'viii'.liii.^n.  111. 'lint  t.>  I'.iiiv  i'\  ili.'i.l.'ii  ilmi  tli.'v.'  wiw  ii..  I1..--1,  .'.iiii|.iii.'.l  \\iili 
\\\vM  \\;i>.  i'\l>i'l'ii'lii-i'ii  in  I  ii'i'iiiliui.l  iiml  Iri'liiiiil  I'll.'  .111 1\  nil  iiiilor  ol  lln' 
voMii^'i'  niiiHii'Nlioiiiililv  Iviril  10  iiinko  n  oooii  iiiiiii,'-,-.i.iii  ns  vi'.iiiviU  tin- 
I'lmiiil.'  In  >.' .l.iini;-,  li.'  liii'-  '.>.'. 'ii  l.illow  ..I  '.i\  ii.':ivl\  nil  wli.i  Inn.'  r.iiiio 
iit'ti'V  him,  l'"iii'  ill.'  K.'.l  toil!  M.in.'  iiliii.>>-i  IiiImiI.ui-  ^t.iri.'s  nhonl  llio 
I'linnUo.it  (ivi'i'iiliiiiil  .  iiiiii  \  I'l,  h.  I  nils.'  lii--  n. .  .iniit--  .In  nm  not.'.'  with  In  its, 
wlio  is  so  to.ilisli  ns  1.1  il.'iiv  ihni  li.  .'xoi  snw  i  i  ii'.'iilnli.l  An. I  with  ns 
imuii  v.'iison  Wo  ill  ii:  ill  li.'iiN  thnt  l,.'il  1  niiio  10  \  in  In  11. 1,  W  11  h  i'.|uiil  ion --on, 
too,  woiiiii^hi  lionv  tliiii  Movioii  I'lnx.'il  iho  vioiov  iit  Mown  Moiini  .  Im  ho 
tolls  ns  in  his  \,  r  /■':,,;',.^',  (,;,,/,.,,  t  lint  r.iuolis  niiil  ool.ls  nv.'  nnkn.iwn 
ii'i  Niw  |-",i,ol;in.l,  1  .i.'iilMiinnl  lioNovnov  Pn.U.'x  ..I  Miissnrhns.iis  I'oin 
phiiiioii  ol'lhos,'  Inlsi'  roj'V.'s,  Hint  ions  in  hisihiv 

'This  I'.iissiio'o  was  iiiismiiiovsiooii   li_\    roilnus,   ih,'  onili.--!     wvitiv  wlm 
innnir.'il  into  ilioso  iiii.'sti.ins.  nn.l  In-  wns  I'.ill.iw  .'.1  li\    I'l'iino-ki.il.l.  Mnli.' 
Kliiii   mill   .'lliors,  w  ho    h\    ih.'iv   v.'.'k.iniiis.','.  mini.'   ilio   Intil  n.h' .M    X'iiilninl 


" 


Wll  i;i(  \  11^    I  111;  \«ii;i  ii\ii  \ 


:i.'5 


f,  I 


I'll-  Ihi'V 
1 1  '^I'l  lip 
inli'i'  I'M 
■V\u\  .h.l 

;lkr  ;  :mil 
li;i(l    i'\t'|- 

l>    o  111  111     i! 

iiMiT  Icir 
ilrr.    mill 

■  •111      Wi'li- 

r  i>n  till" 
kl;iisl;nl  " 


I'S  ii\  rl    !  Mill 

niw-.         Till' 
I  11. .|.,.   Hii\ 

il    i-<   --Mill    II 

lipi'li'lltil'l'M 
Willi    lit  ill' 

l:\kr    lair 

ot    u  itli    I  111' 
ip;n.'il   w  il  11 

Mini    111    ill!' 

ar.l'.   till' 

hlW  r  I'lillU' 
;|lii'll1  llir 
w  II  II  l;irts. 
1.1  w  it  It  ;W 
.{iKil  ira^-iiii. 
lint  ,  till  111' 
llllkllii"  II 
u^i'll'.    inlll 

\\  1  II     1     \\  liii 
.i.ilil.   Mulli' 

.i|    \"mlMiiil 


:iiiil  till'  I  );|i_'in;il;i  t;iil.  N'l'W  wlnn  llii'\  ui'ii'  ir:ii|\  with 
(inir  lii.ii.r  liniMiii".  I  \.  1  >.  iililj .  |  |  ,rir  ■  jmI  Ii.  lii,|i||..\v 
li;i\  I'lli'i's:    '•  Niiw    I    w  ill  ili\  iilr  iIh'  I'li'W   iiitii  I  w  "  il's  i    iiiii-^, 

M'lili  w  In  ir    iniil     \ii\:i    Sinllii         ^ll     IIh     i  .  i  .  ii  I      I  mil.    .   i  il      li'iiln     ami     I' 

Mii.i;nii-.-^.|i.     Iia\r     i  lin  iilali  .1     llir     |M.iiil  'I'Im      \..|lliimii     ilunliil     iIm' 

licaviiw   111'    Inn  i/niiv    mill   ii..'.lil    |iiinii|.al    ili\  i    inli- .    ami    tin-    liims   nl    iIh' 

ila\   nil  ni'liii.".    1.1  III.     -iiir.    .i|.|.ai.iil     MM'i llii..ii..i|i    till-.'   iImi-.i..ii^    (111 

jMW-iaii''    I  111  .111;;  li    i  ai  li  nl    »  lin  li    I  In  \     .ii|i|..i  ..  .|  I ii|i\    n   |i>  i  mil  i  .1    I  In.  r 

I II  HIM       'I'Im    iLn    w  a-i  llii  11  I'll '    ili\  111'  il    nil"  |"'l  I ■'  "I    I  iim     r'i||i-.|'nii'l  in." 

v\  II  li  I  In  ■.'■  'inlil  i|i\  i-,iii|iM.  larli  nl  \\  III'  Il  «  a  i  a  1 1'  '  I  an  .  /// /,  •i;' hi  I  s  i  li;'  an 
ii.;lil  II  I'ai  I  Till  ■  .  ///,  /  \v  a-,  a  ".a  1 11  ili\  nli  'I.  Iiln'  i  ai  li  "I  I  In  niiiml  ilu  i-.|'ili'< 
III  llir  InaviMi.  iiiln  I  \\  n  -il  1 1  a  1 1 '  ■  I  11 11' I  ''|iial  |i"rl  iniii,  la  1 1' i|  ,/ n  ml  m  iici/ . 
In  .iiili  1  In  .Il  I'iniin.-  I  In-^.  .|i\  i  .imi  .  nl  I  inn  .  I  In  inlialnl  a  nl  nl  iin  li  |iliii-i' 
cai-.'lullv  nlii'iv  'I  I  In'  iliiinial  i.iiMM'nl  tin'  -.1111,  ami  imli  il  1  lir  Irii '--I  nal 
iilijril-,  I'MT  H  III'  Il  It  -1.1  III', I  In  ■-lainl  .'^ilrli  all  n|p|.  1  I ,  u  In  I  In  r  nlliliiiiil 
nl'  iial  iiral.  wa-^  lalK'l  li\  tin'  lii  lamli  r^.  (/'"/v//(.m/.  |ila  \  ma  i  I>  )  'I'linv  wnm 
llU.i  li'.l  1.1  luaKi  lln"i.'  ila  s  lliallv,-*  li\  11  ili\i-.i"ii  nl'  tin-  linli/."li  arrnl'llli,"  In 
ill''  |'iinri|'al  \\imN,  a-i  Will  a-<  livllir  waiil-.iil  llnir  ilnlm^lir  rmmniiv 
'I'll''  sli''|ilnl'rs  ri<ili;',  lillH'.  Inr  i  li'^liilli'i'.  w  a-,  111 1 1'll  ////'//■'<  //.■<//(. '7,  wliirli 
(■nn-,s|i..inN  willl  hall  |ill>l  Inlll  'irlm  K  \.  \i  ,  ami  1I11-.  \\a.',  llm  Inn  illllill^^ 
1.1  ill''  liallir.ll  ila_\  nl  l\vrlll\  Inlll'  Imms.  I.'ickniiilii.i  lintn  Hi iiii.i  lisKi'il 
llniitllil  sfiiiid  ill-  I'i-i'lli  lull!'  (///,/  iniliil  at  jilsl  lllll^|lll^^l  Iniiil'.  \l  ,  ami 
lliiT.'Inlv  llii.--  |iarlii  iilar  |ir!inil  was  ralliil"'-"  C'/'.''-  I.VKT.  'I'liis  .///.', 
slnrll\  -|iiaKiiin,  (iiinim'miil  at  llini'  n'llnik  r.  M  .  a  ml  1  inlnl  iil  lialr|i.i-'l 
rmil'  I'  M  .  wllrll  il  Wlis.sniil  In  Im  ill  (  /l.htrnlililr  nr  llin  lillllilialinll  nl  till' 
(///./  'I'll''  I'f.i'isr  Mil  11  111 '11 1  I  lull  tin-  ^-llll  a|i|n  iil'iil  ill  I  lii--  |  ilaii'  ilalii  ah  il  I  lin 
Ininiiial  inn  nl  1  In' ai  lilirial  il.'i\  ('/.////l.  a  ml  hall  lln'  natural  ila\  ulinji), 
iiml  wa--  I  li'i''rnr.'  lii'I'l  i's|irriall\  ili"^i'i\  iii^';  nl  milii''.  lln'  hmirs  nl  lulinr, 
silsn.  ar.'  Mi|i|ins,i|  In  |ia\i'  iiiil'il  at  this  linn-.  Sis  nihnh  \.  M.  was  ralh-il 
liiiil  r  iii'irii'i  II  ;  halliiasl  si'\iii  \  M.,  /),ii/iiui/  :  iiim'  \,  \l  .  I  hii/n  nhn  iinil . 
W  iiil'T  was  rniisiih  1-1  il  In  i-'iiiiiiniii'i'  in  li-.'himl  ah- ml  I  In'  s  ^ 'iiti'iiil  h  nl 
( •rlnlirr.  ami  l!islin|i  I'linllari  iis,  I  In-  la  li'H  la  1  nl'  n|  tin'  list  iniinlii  ii  a  I  lahli 
<lar.  Ii\'s  -,1111  i'i>  •  in  ih,'  --inihnr  ii-laml.nn  llm  M-M-niirnt  li  nM  >i  I'iIh  r, 
at    hall    |iasl    siXi'ii    \.  \l.      At    llii--    Imiir,    ai'r.iiiliiin    i.,    ihi-    SanaJl    m-.    111 

^  ilihili  I    nil    ihi'    shnlti'sl    i|a\,  I    ■-    t     at    liair|.a-l     hair    I'.    M,    whiihilala 

Tin  ih  ■  l.'Hitml'-  nl  ill.'  |ila'i'  at  II  |:l'  ID",  li  inn  mail^  1  hat  nl\Mniiiil  I  ln|M' 
l!a\."  S.T  ]/,  1,1.  .\,i/if/.  (hi  A'.,/'//.  |s:;H  i,|,.  Km.  I.'arn'scalcnialinii  iiiaki-s 
tin  jinsitinli  11  '.'I'  HI",  ll  i-.  lia,~.''l  nil  I  h'-  \  i''W  that  I  In-  nh-iA  at  i'lii  was 
mail''    ill    \'inlaml    wlnn    nnl\    lln-    ii|i|m'|'    {mi'ii'iiinl    tin-   ili-i-    lia'l  a  |i|i'a  n 'I 

!llin\  I-   I  h.'    hnl'i/nll,        'I'llr    ll  i  II   I.  lir    .  nl     n  111  l'>  ',   i -.     llnl     i  111  1 1' ill  a  11 1  .       'I'linsWr 

kiinw    llm    |insitinii    )i\'   till'    ic'laii'lir    Milliim'nl     in    .\'i  w     Knnhmil.     Si-n 

A  III  i'/'lililli  X    A  nil  lil'il  inl  .    (I,     Inil, 


n 


-r^ — .«iiwwj" 


i  II 


I  ) 


;;i  rii'iiroi.i  Mill  \N  nis((i\  i;in  oi' 

nii.l  «'\|i|.trc  llic  .oiinliN.  Hull  slmJl  -Inx  ;il  Imiiic  iuhI  <Ii) 
till'  work.  ;;nil  llu'  ollifi'  li;ilt'  -li;ill  ^r;ii'cli  llit  ImihI  ;  luit  '<i> 
ihnt  llii'X  <l"  Mill  ■.;"  linilii'r  lliaii  llicv  «';iii  coinr  itmk  in  llif 
('\  cniiiL:'.  ;nnl  lli^n  'li''>  "I"  ""'  Wiindcr  li'cmi  cncli  ullici'." 
'I'lii--   llh'\   .■(inrnnictl    lo  dn   Hu'  sniiic   liiiic.      I  .cii'  (■li;iii'j,i'il 

;lli;Mll.  -iMlli'limr'-  W  i  I  ll  llu'lll.  ,'111(1  ■-ol  lid  i  1 1  M 's  Willi  liln-c  ;ll 
liDiiu'.  I,('ir\\;i>  ;i  --loll!  iiiul  -■Iioiil;-  iii;iii.  ;iii(l  «>l  iii:iiil_v 
niiiu'MiMiii  .■  :  ;iiul  \\;i--.  lu'-'nlc-'.  ;i  |irii(|ciil  iiihI  s;l^•;l^i()l|s 
lii;iii   ill  ;ill   ri'--|u'cl>. 

ll  li;i|'iu'iirii  Dili'  rvi'nlnu'  llial  a  man  of  tin'  partv  was 
uii^sin^-:  ami  il  was  \\\r  ■-oiilli  cimhiIi'v  man.  'rvrUiT.  h'.  il 
was  \("r\  >(>rr\  iiu'  llii-.  liccaiisr  Tvi-kci  had  lon^'  lircii  in 
liis  lallici'V  luuis.'.  and  lu'  loved  'I'v  I'krr  in  liis  cliildliood. 
Leii'  Manu'd  liis  romraiK's  \ry\  niiicli,  and  |ii'o|ios('d  lo 
Ui>  willi  iwcKc  men  on  an  ('Nprdilioii  lo  lind  liim  :  Imt 
tlii'x  liad  u-onc  oiilv  a  sliori  way  iVoiii  llic  slalion  when 
'I'vikn'  eanu'  lo  mn'l  lluMii.  and  ln'  was  ioylnlly  rcrcivcd. 
I,('ir    >oon    iHTcrixi'd     tlial     liis     joslci' liillHT  '    was    (jiiilc 


'In  lliiiM'  lurliiil.nl  linu--  chililivii  \\i\r  iidl  lir.iui;lil  up  iil  linm,'.  luii 
well'  M'Ml  I"  i>.'  lr:iini'il  \\\<  in  llir  liiinilii's  nl'  lrn>l\  tVimils.  This  \\:is  ilnn.' 
to  pirsriA  c  the  lamiU  linr.  (  M'h '11.  ill  >i  >iii(  •  I  ili "  n  I  \  linil,:!  \\  liulc  lious.'lidlil 
\\,r,iM  111'  il.-i  r.>\  .ll  :  \i'l  llir  rliililrrii  IicIiil;'  uni  nl  loslrr,  \mmiIi1  lir  |irr 
siiAiil.  aiiil    in   ilnr   limr    roiiir    111    ri'iirrsml    llir    liiinilv.      In     l.iil's  ilii_\  , 

llralllrllislll  anil   law  li'-slU  >-  Wrii'  mi    I  llr    ilrrlillr.       \\  f    lia\  r    a   I  nir  I  lid  11  rr 

L;i\rii  u>  li\  Pasriii,  nl'  llir  \\ a \  in  wliirli  I'liiMrfn  wrrc  Irralcil  in  llir 
lu'iit  lull  aL;i-. 

llr  >avs:  "  \\  illi  us,  an  nM  liniisr  I'an  siaiul  ii|iiiii  a  crniikfil,  as  well  as 
ii|Min  a  siraiiilil  suiipiii'l.  Hiil  in  lo'laiul.  in  llii'  Iriitli  frnliirv  ,  as  in  all  llii' 
lirani'iirs  nt'  iliai  ^rrai  family,  il  was  nnly  licaliliy  cliililii'ii  iliai  wrrr 
allnwril  111  liM'.  'I'lu'  ilrliHinril.  as  a  luinlrn  tn  llicinsrh  rs.  i  heir  iVicmls. 
anil  In   siirirlv,  WiTr   cnlisionr,!    In   ilisl  rilrl  ii  HI  liv  lAimsiiri'    In    ihr    viiili'lU'c 

lit  llir  rlrnu'iiis.  'I'll is  was  I !u'  lailirr's  si  1  Til  ridlii.aml,  lliinidh  \U,>  mnilirvs 
lit  iliat  ai^'r  wiTi'  ii'iiirially  liliss;'il  wiili  i-niiiisi  ntlsiiriiii:'.  still  tli,'  riu'la 
was  I'liiii  rxri'i'is'il.  .\s  siuMi  as  it  was  Imrn.  llir  iiilani  was  laiil 
u|iiin  llir  liarr  Lirniiiii!.  ami.  iiiilil  llir  lalliii  rain.'  ami  Innki'ii  at  il,  liranl 
anil  saw  ilia;  it  wa-  str.iiiiiin  luiiu' ami  liiiili.  tnnk  it  up  in  liis  anus,  ami 
haiiilril  it  iivi'i'  111  ;lu'   iiuis.' ;  its  I'air  Iiiuil;-  in  tlu'  lialancr.  and  life  or  dcatli 


,\MK|{|i\    in    Till,    MilMIIMI.N 


nr^ 


'  mill  <1'» 

;   Imt  '-!» 

•k  in  tlif 

li  oilier.'" 

clKlll'^t'il 

1  llio-c  ;il 
.1  iii:inlv 
s;|o-;|cicilW 

iiii'lv  WHS 
;.T.  h'il' 
;■   li.Tii   ill 

■IlilllllKOll. 

(iiiDsi'd  1(1 
lim  :  I'Ul 
inn  wln'ii 
•  rcrcivcil. 
was    (juili' 


Imlih',  lull 
li>   U  lis  iloMi' 

1 s.JM.ia 

.uM    !"•  j.iv 
l.ril  ■>   ilii\  . 
I  lur  |iicliin' 
aicil    in   ilii' 

•,1.  MS  well  ;i> 
as  in  all  tin 
•n  lUal  Nvri'i 
tin'ir  iVii'inls 
the   vidli'uci 

I  In'  nnil  InT 
lill    tin'   riulil 
ml     was    laiil 
■il  at  it.  lii'anl 
lis  arms,  ami 

lilc  111'  ilcalli 


iiirri'N.'  'r\rkiT  liinj  ;i  lii'jii  liiri'liriiii.  -li:ir|i  cv-*,  uilli  ii 
s|ii;ill  I'll'  '.  ;iiiil  \\;h  lilllr  in  -i/r,  hihI  iil:I_\  ;  Iml  Wii-  \'T\ 
(|r\l('l'ii||-  ill  ill  I  1 1  Ml-.  I.i'ir  -niij  til  liilll,  "  W  liy  :ill  I  I  I'll!  II 
l;ilf,  iii\  lii-lri'  liillirr '.•'  ;iiiil  w  li\  iliil  I  liimi  |im\i'  tjiv  ruiii- 
r;n|i'- ,■*  ""  jjr  -|iii|\('  III  rn-.t  liill'^  ill  <  ii'lllllili,  I'lilliil  hi-  I'Vi'-^ 
:iiii|  knil  lii-  l>ni\\s;  i)iil  llii'\  cuiilil  imt  iiiiiki'  I'lil  wliiil  In' 
\Vii,s  siiviii;^-,  ,\rtrr  ;i  w  liili',  iiiid  smnr  ilrl;i\,  Im'  -;iiil  m 
N'oisc.  ••  I  ijicl    mil    Li'i    iiiiirli    I'liilln'r    lliMii  lli('\   ;    iiihI   vi-l    I 

llIIVC   ,<l)|||rl  ilill'^-   lllliiL'i'l  Im'I'    Ili'W    III     l-i'hilc,    I'liI-    I     1111111(1    silics 

illid  i:'l'il|ir-.  "  '      '•   Is  lli.M    liiii',  iii\    l'ii-|i'|-  liillnT.' "    ,s;ii(|   l.i'il'. 
"  ^'(•-.    llilc    it    is,"    ;iii-\v.'i'('(|    III',    •'I'm'    I     \\;is    liiii'ii    wlr,  IT 


(|i  piiiil.' 1    ir.i'in    ill"    s   nil' nf    ils  siiT,      'I'lial    ilaii:.ni'   uvi'i,  il     was  iliily 

w  aslinl,  >i;.rin'il  Willi  I  In-  'riiiiinliri'r's  |  'I'lnii'sl  liulv  Iminmi'f  I  lir  s\  iiiIm4  nl 
nil  maiiliinss  ami  siriiiiiili  ami  snli'iiiiilv  rn'rivi'il  iiiln  lln'  rainil\  a--  lln' 
lailliliil  rliaiii|'iiin  nl  llir  anriiiil  L'mls,  \\  Inn  il  caiii''  In  l"'  iiaiin->l.  llirfi' 
wa-  wlial  wr  -.Iniiilil  <'all  lln-  clirisi,  ni  iil'  ali'  'I'lni'i'  was  Hai|iirni;.r. 
iimiinl  iiiL'  ami  riilinir  aimniL'  K  il  li  ami  Uiii .  •  'mi  -ins  I'liiin'  in  I'amU  Iimm  all 
|">ini-  (i|  ilir  riim|ia-s.  ili-|M'mli'iils,  I'r.  i  ilnnii  ami  tlirall-  all  in  ii-liri  il 
•.slrmii,;',  'I'ln'  al>'  is  lii-ciai'lird,  llir  Imard  i-  -il,aml  lln'  luinl'  s  arr  llii'nii^nd 
Willi  ^iirsls  ;  llir  iiiii'lli  ami  I'rMlry  arr  ill  llir  liii^lirsl,  wlnii  in  slriili-s  iiitn 
lln'  liiill.  a  lii'iii'.,'  Ill  awl'iil  |iii\V''i',  in  w  hoiii  tliiil  siiii|il''  a;/!' sit  lull  laitli. 
'j'liis  was  till'  .Niiriir,  lln  wamliiiiiL'  |ir'i|i|n'li'ss,  s\liil,  tiirliiin'  I'lliT,  a 
wmiian    I'l    vlnini   il   wa-   liImii    I"    kimw   llic   wiinls  nl    inrii,  ami  wlm    liinl 

nil  in    III  lio  liniiiir  III  '  lir  I'liiM,  ami  li-ll  lii-  1 1  n't  inn' \lli  r  lln'   I'liilil   was 

lialMi'il,  In'  was  nihil  {int  niii  ii>  T.  ir-nr  w  i!  h  -nm'  m  iulilmr,  lii-  lal  In  i'  -■  iiilr 
riiii'  in  |"iwii-,  ami  lln'i'i'  In-  'jvrw  ii|iwilli  I  in  iliiM  i  iii  nl  ih'-  hmi^i-.  ami 
ciilill'in'ti'il  thus:'  ti'iriiilslii|is  ami  atl'.rliniis  uliii'li  w'l'ii'  ii'i'kiiiiiMl  lii'lti'i'  ami 
1111  111'  liimliii^''  I  linn  till'  I  ii's  lit'  I  ill  II II  I."  .1  III  i'l  II  II  in  -I  ihi  ,\  .//'i/.  Is.-,!),  |,|i.  s  ii 
'  'I' In 'I'l-  is  mil  hill  tr  ill  tills  In  imliralf  l  lial  '\\  rkiT  \\a-  iiitnvii'aliil,  as  >nini' 
lia\  I'  alisiinlly  sii|i|iii>i'il.  In  I  liis  lar  nil'  la  ml  In-  Inn  ml  n-|a|iis,  \\  liirli  |inw  .r 
I'lllly  ii'iiiimli'illiiiii  111'  hi-,  iialiv  1' r  mill  IV  ami  I  li     a-.-  niat  inn  nl    iil.-a-  i-   .--ii 

SlI'illlJJ',    tlial     Wlll'll    In-    lir>l      llir,   Is    I, I'll.    Ill'    lllraKs   nlll    ill    llir    laii^nia'_'r   111      hl- 

('liilillniiil,  anil,  like  nnrniai'V  r|iii'iiii'S.  r\|ii'r,->r~  hisjnv,  whirli  is  all  lln' 
liiiirr  iiiarki'd  mi  iiccmiiit  of  his  ;r|'iiti'si|iir  !i|i|ii'ui'iim'r  is  nni  ihis  a  si  I'nkr  nl' 
tXriiiiiiir  iiatiirr.  smiii'tiiinii' tliat  a  wriirr  fraiiiiiir-  i|,r  aiiniiiii  nf  a  tiititimis 
viiyayr,  wniilil  not   ili'rain  nl'.' 

'-'(irajis  iri'nw  will!  alinnst  wi  ry  w  InT,.  mi  :liis  cnasl.  'I'ln-y  may  In- 
Inn  II  1  nil  (  'a|i  '  t  '  id  ri|i  'iiiiiii'  am  nnj-  I  h  •  si-inl,  naks,  .-s  .n  w  il  hin  I  hr  inirh 
lit'  thr  nr  'an  s]i|'a;  ,  w  h  -I'l'  lln'  a  ill  In  il'  ha-  ntlm  rai  hnrd  I  In  in. 


T 


86 


IM!i;((il,lMlilAN    DlSCoVKIiV  {)V 


tlicr*'  WHS  IK)  scMi'cily  of  i^i'iiiios."  Xow  tlicv  slept  ;ill  iii^'lit. 
:iii(l  the  iicxi  iiKiiniiii''  Lcil'  said  to  liis  iiicii.  "Now  \\v. 
sliall  have  two  occii|iatioiis  lo  atlcinl  to.  and  tlav  alioiit  : 
naiiM'ly,-  to  iiatlitT  u'i'a|>r.^  or  cut  vines,  and  to  I'ell  wood  in 
tlie  roi'e:>t  to  lade  onr  vessel. '"  And  tins  a<l\ice  was  fol- 
l(twe(|.  It  is  related  tliat  their  >tei'n  hoat  was  tillecl  with 
iiTapes,  and  then  a  eai'Lio  ol'wood  was  hewn  lor  the  vessel.' 
Towards  spring  thev  made  ready  and  sailed  sway,  an<l  Leil" 
na\e  llic  country  a  name  I'ntm  its  products,  and  called  it 
N'iniand.-  Thty  now  saih'd  into  the  open  sea  and  had  a 
tiiir  wind  until  tiiey  came  in  sii^ht  ol'  ( iicenland  and  the 
lands  helow  the  ice  nioinitains. ''  'IMien  a  man  put  in  a 
word  and  said  to  licil',  ■'  Why  do  you  steer  so  close  on 
the  wind?"  Ijcil' replied  :  "I  mind  my  helm  and  tend  to 
otiier  tlnnys  too:  do  you  notice  anythinu'V""  '^rix'y  said 
that  they  saw  nolhinn'  remarkahle.  "  I  do  not  know," 
said  Leir,  *'  whether  I  see  a  ship  or  a  rock."  Thi-n  they 
looked  and  saw  that  it  was  a  rock.  ISut  lie  saw  so  much 
hetter  than  tliey,  that  he  discovered  men  upon  the  roek. 
"Xow  I  will,"  said  Loif,  "  tliat  we  hold  to  tlu'  wind,  that 
Avo  may  come  n\)  to  tliein  it"  they  slionld  need  lielp  :  and  if 
they  should  not  he  triondly  imtlinod,  it  is  in  our  power  to 
do  as  we  jileaso  and   not  theirs."     Xow  the}'  sailed  under 


'  ill  i'ci'iiiii'skiiild's  III  iiiixl,'iiii>ilii .  wliicli  l/iiiiiy  liiis  Inllowrd  in  I  riilislutiiiy 
Ijcif's   vcivaji'c  tnr  liis  ii]i]iciulis,  tliis  stiitriiiciit  of  tlic  ciitliiiy  \)i  wodd  is 

Sll|l|)ll'lllrllt(Ml     1)_V     tllC     t'ollowilin-    stilll'IIK'llt    :     "'I'lllTr      UilS     ilisi)     SI'lt'-SO'.VII 

wliciit  ill  the  licliis.  Mint  ii  Il'i'i'  wliicli  is  ciillcd  iiiiissiir.  Of  nil  tlicsc  tlicy 
t(i(ik  siiiii|il('s  :  Mild  siiiiic  lit'  till'  trr!'swcri'  su  iiiro-c  tlint  tlicy  wrrr  used 
ill  Ikiiisi's."  It  is  tli(iii;;lii  tlisil  tlic  iiiassiir  wuod  was  a  species  of  maple. 
Otiiei's  liave  declared  that  it  must  liave  lieeii  iiialiiijiaiiy,  and  that  tliereluie 
tlie  account  iif  licil's  disi'ovel'v  is  false.  'I'liev  tiire-et  that  even  (ieoi'MC 
I'oiiluim,  ill  writiiiji'  home  to  his  patron  from  Saj^'achilioc,  in  UiOT,  says  tliut 
aiiioner  tlie  |irodiictions  of  the  country  are  "  mitiiieys  and  cinnamon."  Vet 
sliall  we  infer  from  this  that  I'opliam  never  saw  New  iMiyland  V 

-'See  .\dani  of  Bremen's  testimony  in  the  Introduction. 

'■'    It  will  lie  noticed  that  they  were  close  upon  IJie  (ireeiilalid  coast. 


AMKK'hA    \\\    TIIK   M  tIM'II.MKN. 


37 


ill  iiiii'lit. 
Now  wv 
,■  nlioiit  : 
\\()(i<|  ill 
was  lol- 
led with 
(•  vrsscl.' 
aiitl  licir 
called  it 
id  had  a 
and  the 
|iiit  ill  a 
close  on 
I  tend  to 
hi'y  said 
know," 
liCMi  fliey 
so  iiiiieli 
he  rock, 
iiid,  that 
) ;  and  if 
power  to 
'd   under 


I  riiiisliitinji- 

1)1'    \V(hhI   is 

I  sclt'-sown 
these  tliey 
Wel'e  used 
S  lA'  lUllple. 
:lt  tlierel'iil-e 
.ell  (ieoi'^'e 
T,  Siiys  tllilt 
11(111."'       \f\ 


the   I'ocU,   lowered    their  sails.  (■a>t    uiielKtr.  und    put    out 
another    >iuall    l.oat     which    they    had     with    iheiii.      'I'heii 
Tyrker  asked   who  their   leader   was.      lie  said    his   iianie 
was  Thorer.  and  said  he  was  a  .Vorthiuaii  ;  '    "  j'.iit  what  is 
your  naine  ':  "  said  he.      Leil'told  his  name.      '•  Are  you  th,. 
son  of  Mric  the  Red  of   iSrattahlid  ? '"  he  asked.      Leif  said 
that    \va-   s(..      -Now    I    will.""  said    Leif,  'Make  ye  and   all 
"II    hoard    my  ship,  and  as  much   of  the  <i''>ods  as   the   ship 
will  store."     They   took   up  this  oiler,  and   sailed   away  to 
Kricliord   with   liie  care-o,  and   from   thi'iice  to  iSrattahlid, 
where   thiy   unloaded   the  ship.      Leif  oH'ercd   TIku'ci' and 
liis    wife.   <  Judrid.  ami    three  others,  loduinu"  with  himself, 
and  olli'red    lod>>-in«>;  elsewhere   for  the    rest  of  the   people, 
hotli  of 'r!:;;.icr"s  crew  and  his  own,      Leif  took  Jifteen  men 
from  tlu'  rock,  and   thereaftt'i  was  called.  |,eif  the    laickv. 
After  that    lime    I.eif  advanced  ^-really  in    wealth  and  con- 
sideration.     That   winter,   sickness  came  anioiio-   Thorer's 
pC'o].le,  and    he  himself,  and  a  u'reat  |>arl  of  his  crew,  died. 
The    same    winter    Kric    Ked    died.       This    expedition    to 
N'inlaiid  was  much  talked  of,  and  Leif  "s  hrotlier,  Thorvald, 
thonii'ht  that  the  country  had  not  heeii  e.xplori'd  eiiouii'li  in 
dilfereiit  places.     Then  Leif  said  to  Thorvald,  "  ^'ou   niav 
go,  hrother,  in  my  sliip  to  \'inlaiid  if  you   like:   hut  I  will 
first  send   the  shi[.  for  the  liinher  which  Thorer  left    upon 
tile  rock."      ,\nd  so  it  was  done. 


"riicy    were   evidently  NiPlwenimi    tniders  wlic  were   slii|nvre,-l<e,|    wliil,. 
iiplpniiicliiiio- tlie  omst  and  sniline- lor  tlie  I  iivenland  pmis. 


oast. 


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IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-S) 


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IB  1.8 


1-25      1.4      1.6 

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Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


•n  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WE&<«rER,N.Y.  14S80 

(716)  872-4503 


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38 


I'HIvCOM'.MUlAX   I)IS('(>VKI{V  ()K 


SKCOM)  .\.\I{I!.\TIVK 


Tlic  same  siiriiiir,  ICiiiu'  Olal',  as  said  Itrtbrt',  sent  (Jis- 
siir'  and  Ilialte- to  Icohiiid.  TIk^  kiiiu;  also  sent  Lcil'  to 
Gri't'idaiid  to  |iroclaiiii  Cliristlaiiity  then'.  T\\v  king  sunt 
with  him,  a  priost,  and  some  otlier  iH'Iia;i()ns  men,  to  hap- 
tize  the  iieople  and  teach  them  the  true  faitli.  Leifsailed 
the  same  summer  to  (iret'nhind;  he  totik  n\>  out  of  tlie 
oei'an,  the  [leoitleof  a  ship  who  were  on  a  wreck  <MnnitK'tely 
destroyed,  iiiid  in  a  perishinii'  condition.  And  on  this 
same  voyai;-*'  lie  discovered  N'iidand  thi' (Jood,' and  came 
at  the  cio<e  of  summer  to  IJrattahlid,  to  his  fathei-  Mric. 
After  that  time  tlie  peeiile  eaUed  him,  Leif  the  Kortumite  ; 
hut  his  fathi'r  Krie  said  tiiat  tiu'se  two  thiiiLjs  went  ai-'ainst 
one  anotiier;  that  Leif  had  saved  tiie  crew  of  the  sliip,  and 
delivered  them  from  death,  and  that  lie  had  [l)r(>u<iht]  that 
Ijad  man  into  (Jreenland,  that  is  what  he  called  the  priest; 
hut  after  much   urijinii',  iM'ic  was  Itapti/.ed,'  as  well  as   all 


tl 


le  peopU'  ot" » ii'een 


dand. 


'  •  iissur,  I'lllli'il    till'    W'ililc.  Wiis    line  cp|     till'    Mi-cjitisl     l;i\\  MIS  cil     Icliilhl. 


W  !•  li'ilil  tllilt  •■  llic 


as  n  iiiiiii    iiiiiiii'il   <i.  .SHI-    \\  liiti 


Tr\\- 


Ki'Illrliiiinii'  till'  Olil'.-.  -HI.  lit  Mii>stcll  I  li'dalld  |.  l?i>liii|i  isli'il'  was  t  iissiif' 
scpii.  tii>siif  llic  \\  liili-  ki'jil  liuiiM'  at  Mii>-lill,  ainl  \\a>  a  ^;rral  Cliiit."— 
Siii/ii  iif  lliifiit  S'idl.  vol.  I,  p.  I  Hi. 


-■  lliallr 
willi  Kiiiy  Olat'. 


ilmilillcss  till'  saiiii'  prrscHi  wliu  .'iitri-i'il  the  s\\  iiuiiii;i;i'  liuilcli 


Sit  Sa 


ji'a  III'  Olal"l'r.\  n-MVi.^suii 


'I'liis   is  an  iiim-.  iiiilrss  llir  wrilrr  iiiraiis  lliat    llir   vuva; 


III  N'iiilaiiil. 


alli'Twanls   iiinl 


iiilaki'ii.  was  a    pai'l  ul'  lln-   siiiir   tji'iiiMal   lAiirililiuii.      Lrif 


•111    111  (  ilrrlllallil  lii>l.a>  wr  liavr  alVrailv  -rrll. 


■j'lnsr  liayaiiMliil  iinl  al\va\s  \iilil  imii 


sii  irailiU  a-  I'.r 


if      Siiiiii'  ill  Niir 


wav  lii'i'allli'   liiarlvrs  to   ilir   liiilli  ul'  Odili,      Sri'  Sinj,i  nf  (llnf   Tii/i/i/i'ixmo, 
(y((^'(,v///().  ill   vol.  I  'if  J/(  iiiixl.  riii;//ii. 


A.MKI.MCA   m    Tlir,  NOIM'IIMI.X. 


:]'J 


TIIII?!)   NAI.'I.'A  riVK 

The  sniiic  uiiitiT,  Lcif.  the  sun  of  Knc  the  Kcd,  was  in 
Iiii-h  favor  witli  Kiiii;  Olaf,  and  ciiiliratH'd  C'linstiaiiilv. 
I'.iif  the  >iiiimicr  tliat  Gis>iir  wtiit  to  Ici'laiid,  Kinir  <Hat' 
sent  I.eitto(;i'tH'iilaiid,1o  |n-oclaiiii  (Miristiaiiitv.  He  sailed 
the  saiiif  siiiiiiiifr  for  (Jrccnlaiid.  Iff  found  sonic  iiicii  in 
llic  sea  on  a  wncU.  and  lu'lped  tlicni  :  the  same  vovaii'c,' 
lie  disrovciH'il  X'inland  tlic  <  Jood.  and  canir  at  liai'vrst  time 
to  (Jreenland.  He  Iirouulit  with  liini  a  iiricst  a!i<l  other 
rt'liii'ioiis-  men.  and  went  to  live  at  Urattalilid  witli  his 
fatlier  l"]ric.  lie  was  attei-wards  ealled,  I.eif  tlie  Fortu- 
WA\v.  [\\\\  iiis  I'athiT  l']ric  sai<l.  that  these  two  things  were 
ojiposed  to  on<'  ano'her.  lieeaiise  Leit'  had  savi'd  the  erew 
of  the  ship,  and  hrouiiht  evil  lueii  to  Creeiiland,  llleanin^• 
the  [ii'iests. 


as   al 


\'.  TIFOin'ALl)  KKIC'SOXS  KM'KDITIOX. 

The  u'l'eater  poi'tion  of  this  vovau'e  a|i|ieai-s  to  ha\e  hrcii 
perfoiMneil  dnrini;-  two  simiiners,  the  expiMlition  (iiiallv 
retiii'nin<:-  to  (Ji'eenland  on  aeeoimt  of  thr  death  of  ihcir 
K'ader.  The  nan'ati\-e  is  taken  from  ('•(/,.!■  /'V'///;;, /,>/>■,  as 
>:'iven  in  Ai>/"/'i</'ifi -^  Aim  rt'-uini . 


Now  Thoivald  [A.  D.  I(l(i2.  |  ma-le  ivad\  for  hi-voyiin-,. 
with  thirty  men.  after  r,.i)>iihini;-  iii.-  hrolhrr  Li'if.  'I'liev 
I'i-ved  thrir  shi]..  ami  put  to  sea.  \..thim:'  is  related  of 
this  «.xi„.dition  until  thry  ram.'  lo  \'iiiland.  to  the  l..,otlis 
put   up  liy  Lcif,  wheri'   lluy    secured   the  -hip  and   tackle. 


Si'i-  iiiiti'  til  t'lircyiiiny  iiicuuiit. 
•■  'I'licsc  ii|i|Mar  In  liiivf  liiMii  iiiiini.'.l  iiini  or  ^.iiihir  <l,rMV, 


PubJi- 


'^'tvj  Scotia 
N.S, 


n 


TTrrr 


40 


I'lnvCOM  MUIAN    |)!S((>VK1{V  uK 


and  rciiiaiiitMl  (|iru'tly  all  winter  and  lived  Ity  tisliiiiij.  In 
sprinii"  [A.  D.  lO0-'5.]  Tlu.rvald  ordered  the  vessel  to  be 
lii^i^ed,  and  tliat  some  men  slioidd  |H'oeeed  in  the  lon<;'- 
lioat  \v<'st\vai'd  aloni::  the  coast,  and  explore  it  dnriiii;  tlio 
summer.  Thev  tlionuht  the  eoimtrv  i)eantifnl  and  well 
wooded,  the  distance  small  lietweiMi  the  forest  and  the  sea, 
and  the  strand  full  of  whittt  sand.  'I'liere  wert-  also  many 
islands  and  verv  sliallow  water.  They  found  no  ahoile 
for  nnui  or  beast,  l»ut  on  an  island  liir  towards  tlie  west, 
they  found  si  corn  barn  constriu'tod  of  wood.  They  found 
no  other  traces  of  human  work,  and  came  l»ack  in  autumn 
to  Leif's  booths.  The  fullowinii"  sprinu',  [A.  D.  1004.] 
Th()rval(l,with  his  merchant  ship,  proceeded  eastwards,  and 
towards  the  north  aloni;  the  land.'  Opposite  to  a  cape - 
they  met  bad  weatlier,  and  drove  upon  the  land  and  broke 
their  keel,  and  remained  then'  a  lonu;  time  to  repair  the 
vessel.  Thorvald  said  to  Ids  comiianions:  "  We  will  stick 
up  the  keel  here  upon  tlie  ness,  and  i-all  the  place 
Kiahirness,"  which  tlu'v  did.  Then  thev  sailed  awav  east- 
ward  alon^  the  country,  to  a  point  of  land,'  which  was 
everywhere  covered  witli  woods.  Thev  moored  the  vessel 
to  the  land,  laid  out  gaiiii^ways  to  the  shore,  and  Thorvald 
with  all  liis  sliip's  conij>any,  lande<l.  He  said,  "  Here  it  is 
beautiful,  and   1   would  willin'Hv  set  uii  mv  abode  here."' 


'  'riiis  clcnvlv  iiidii'iiti's  ii  voyii;^-,'  arduml  ( 'iipc  ( 'ud. 

"Tliis  rn\n-  WHS  cvnlriii Iv.  imt    Pdiiit   (iilhcri,  luit   tlic  liTiniiuis  lit' ('ii|i( 


<'<iil. 


kiicpwii  n^ 


liii 


iici'   I'diiil.  ii   <limyi'i'iiiif^ 


iici'  tiir  ii!i\  iH!ili"iii. 


It 


sri'lll  tllllt  tills  WHS  till'  |illli'i'  litrirrcl  III.  liif  tl|i'  liilsiili  tllilt  tlir  lli'Xt  [iliu'r 
li'i'iiliiiliril  is  thr  rust  slmri',  liivMhinii'  tlir  slmri'  iirar  l'l_\  tinuitli,  wliirli  is 
rruiliiy  stM'ii  IVnin  ilu'  fiul  nl'  ('a|ir  ('ml  ill  a  I'lrar  dav.  It  was  uiidiiiilitrillv 
till'  vicinity  ut'  Hare  I'niiit  that  tln'v  calli'd  Kialuntrss,  or  Keel  ('api-. 

•'  Here  till'  vi'i'siiin   ill  Aiitii/m'tiiti x  Ann  rirniiir.  ]i.  4\J,  is  I'lilluwcd,  iii-.trad 
111'  I'rriliyskinld.  wlliisr    Vi'l'siuli    dnrs    iml    lllilit  iiill  tile    |Hiilit  nl'  land.      'I'liis 


placr    is    ii'ciardrd    as    Piiiiit     Aidi'i'tuli,   lirjiiw     Hiisti 


ith 


ili'd 


liiliy   tlir  sliiirc    til    lilis    |iiiilil.  wliii'li 


alili'  iiti  till'  last  ciiast. 


II; 


ii-iiiir. 


'I'l 


lid 


lir    llliist   li'lliaii 


A.MKHUA   I5V   TIIK  N<»|{TIIMI;N. 


41 


Tlioyiirtcrwiinlsunit  (.ti  hoiinl,  and  saw  tlin>o  spcks  ii|,oii 
tlic  sand  within  the  point,  and  wvut  to  tlicni  and  I'onnd 
tlirrc  wciv  thiTc  sl<in  Ix.ats  witli  tliivc  men  tnidtT  caeli 
l)i)at.  Tlu'V  divided  tlu'ir  mm  and  took  all  of  tlicni 
I'l-isoncis,  i'.\c(.|.t  ono  man,  who  escaped  with  his  hoat. 
Tiny  killed  eiirlit  of  them,  and  then  went  to  tlie  point  and 
looked  aJmut  them.  Within  this  hay  they  saw  several 
ominenees,  which  tlsey  to(.k  to  he  hahitatioiis.  Then  a 
.Urciit  (h-owsini!ss  came  npon  them  and  they  .-oiild  not  keep 
themselves  awake,  hnt  all  o\'  them  fell  asleej..  A  smUlvn 
.scream  came  to  them,  and  tliey  all  awoke:  ami  mixed  with 
the  scream  they  thoimlit  they  hear<l  the  words  :  "Awake, 
Thorvald,  with  all  thy  comrades,  if  ye  will  save  yonr  lives. 
(J(.  on  hoard  your  ship  as  hist  as  you  can,  and  h-ave  this 
land  without  delay."  In  the  same  moment  an  innumer- 
ahlo  multitude,  from  the  interior  of  the  hay,  came  in  skin 
hoats  and  laid  themselves  alon^jside.  Then  said  Thoivald, 
"  We  shall  put  up  our  war  screens'  alon^-  the  u'unwales 
and  defend  ourselves  as  well  as  we  can,  imt  not  use  our 
weapons  niueh  a<--ainst  them."  They  did  so  aeeordinylv. 
The  Skra-Uings-  shot  at  them  for  a  while.  aJid  then  lied 
away  as  fast  as  they  eould.  Then  Thorvald  asked  if  any- 
one was  wounded,  and  they  said  nohody  was  hurt.  Ife 
.said:  "1  have  a  wound  umler  tlu'  arm.'     An  arrow  Hew 


"I'licsi'  snvriis  wciv  iiiiKlc.f  |.laiiks  ulii,-li  ( 1,|   !„■  (|iii,-kl_\    urniiiir,.,! 

iiliov  till'    Imlwarks.  tliiis  iitllinliMy   a^Miliunal    |.iMtr,'li,,n   iiy:iin>l   arrows 

illlll    Mdlll'S, 

■•"i'licsi' in'opli^  arc  SDmctiiiir-  callctl  Sin;iHiiiwin-,  ,,r  small  iiirii.  Oihrrs 
<1. (Inc..  Ill, .ir  name  t'niiii  .v/, /•.(/,/,  t,,  .li'v ,  alliniiMij- t.  i  Inir  sliri\  rlfd  as|M..-t  ; 

ami  utlirrs  IVcim  .•<l.n'l,!,t  Im  .v/,„,//.      h  isrvi.i  'iit  IVmim  ih,'  aci- is,,f  |•:^■,.,|,■ 

.■iikI  Cr.-iiil/.  Iliat  t'n'v  turm  -rlv  liilial>i:.'i|  ilii>  |,arl  ..C  il nu\\\     Uiil  \\,-v 

fira-hially  uMiovd  to  o-o  imrtliwar.!.  Il  is  \\,.|1  knuun  llial  in  oih,  rparls  ..f 
Aiucrica,  thi's,-  niiuTaiioiis  \\r\-r  .■■.iniii.in.  Aii.l  ihrs.  proplr  \vi|,.  iii,,r,. 
likely  to  tiiki'  a  T'l'iiy;,'  in  (Jr.'  ■iilairl  iliaii  tli.'  Nnriliin.n  tlh'iiisriv.s, 

'TIh' i'.iiii|ii<-t  cif  'i'liorvalil  inilii-ai<-s  iiiauiiaiiiiiiiiy  of  i-liaraitir  tliinkiiii;' 
lirsi  lit'  liis  iijiii,  and  altiTvvanIs  ut  liimscll'. 


I  I)"  fl  I 


T! 


\-2 


rUKCoI-IMUIAN   l)IS((»VKI{V  Ol" 


lii'twi'c'ii  the  giinwiili' and  tli"  sliicld  nndiii*  my  ami :  hvvo 
is  tlie  arrow,  and  it  will  he  my  dratli  wound.  Now  I 
advisi"  you  to  maki'  ri-ady  with  all  si^-cd  to  return  ;  but  yo 
shall  carry  mi'  to  the  |>oiiit  which  I  thougiit  would  lie  so 
coiivi'iiiciit  for  a  dwclliiiti'.  It  may  ho  that  it  was  true 
what  I  said,  that  here  would  [dwell  for  awhile.  Ye  shall 
Itury  me  there,  and  place  a  cross  at  my  head  and  one  at  my 


l"eet,  and  call  the  place  (h'ossne 


Christianity  liad  been 


established  in  Greenland  at  this  time:'  but  Krie  Ued  was 
deacP  before  Cliristianity  was  introduced.  Xow  Thorvald 
died,  und  they  did  everything'  as  lie  had  ordered.  Then 
they  went  away  in  search  of  their  fellow  voyai-'ers;  and 
tliey  related  to  each  other  all  the  news.  They  remained 
in  their  dwellin<>;  all  winter,  and  ii'atliered  vines  and  i'"rai)i's, 
and  put  them  on  board  their  ships.  Towards  sprini>;,  they 
prepared  to  return  to  Greeidand,  wlu're  they  arrived  with 
their  vessel,  and  landed  at  Kricstiord,  bringing  heavy  tidings 
to  Leif. 


'Clirisliaiiiiy  wns  iiitroduci'd  In-  Leif.  'I'liorvald's  hrntlicr.  in  1001 -'J. 

'Tliis  is  I'vidciitly  an  crnir,  tor  Clivistianity  was  introduced  iiy  Lcil',  lnjorc 
111'  sailed  on  his  voyaye  to  Viidand.  Kmirs  like  this  ahound  in  all  early 
annals,  and  why  should  tlie  Icelandic  ehronicles  he  free  from  them".'  Kvery 
such  case  will  he  ini|iai-tially  pointed  out.  The  treatment  of  this  passaye 
hy  Sndth,  in  his  Diiiloijiicx  mi  t/ic  XorthiiK n.  j).  ItiT,  is  far  from  hein;;: 
candid.  Ih-  translates  tlu'  jyassayv  tluis:  "Hut  Kric  tlii'  l{ed  had  <lied 
without  pro.'essinjr  Clivistianity,"  and  refers  tlu'  I'jie-lish  reader  to  the  Sajfa 
of 'riiortinn  Karlsefiie,  AiitU/nitHtrs  Aiiurir<niii\  jip.  ll!)-:20,  as  if  he  would 
there  tind  a  reason  for  his  renderinji' of  the  li'xt,  which  is  une(|iiivocal,  and 
is  translated  literally  aliove.  On  turninj>'  to  the  authority  in  (|uestion,  we 
lind  noihii.y  more  said  than  that  "'  Kric  was  slow  to  ;five  up  his  [jiayanl 
religion,"  and  that  the  alliiir  caused  a  separation  lietweeii  him  and  his 
wife.  That  he  was  shnr  to  jfive  up  his  |myan  helief,  would  seem  to  indi 
cute  that  he  (//(/  {five  it  up  eventually.  Moreover,  we  have  the  direct 
slaleiiieiit  that  he  was  liapti/.ed.     Second  Narrative  of  l.eit',  p.  liS. 


AMKUK'A   I5Y  'I'llH  NoUTllMKN 


48 


II  :  lu'i'd 

Now  r 

;  but  ye 
kl  1)0  so 
vas  trno 
Yc  shall 
lie  at  jny 
lad  boon 
kod  was 
riuM-vald 
1.     Then 
Ts;    and 
•oniainod 
il  ijrapi's, 
in<^,  they 
vcd  witli 
^y  tidings 


l/i'ii',  liifiin- 
in  all  ciU'ly 
■111  •.'  Kvcry 
liis  iKissiiyi' 
t'l'Diu  Ix'iiijr 
■il  liiid  (lii'il 
to  the  Siiii'ii 
it'  111'  would 
uivociil.  and 
liu'stioii,  we 
liis  [iia;i'iii>| 
lim  and  liis 
<c('iii  to  indi 
■   tin-   direct 


Vl.    TIIOUSTKIX    HUICSONS  ATTKMIT  To  KIND 

VINLANI). 

This  version  is  from  Coi/i.r  FlittilirnsiK,  anil  is  given  in 
AiitiijuUoh's  Anil  ricitiHi',  pp.  47-.");V  Tlie  i-xpethlioii  was 
wholly  tnisueeessfiil,  and  the  leader  linally  died  withont 
reaching  tin-  desirt'd  land.  One  cannot  help  I'eeling,  not- 
withstanding the  marvellons  »'veiits  reeonhMl,  that  the  basis 
of  this  aeconnt,  's  fornied  of  solid  fa<t.  The  main  narrative 
is  not  one  likely  to  have  been  invented  l»y  an  iin|iost()r. 

In  the  nu'antime  if  had  happened  in  (Irecnland,  that 
Tliorsti'in  of  KricsHord  had  niarrii-d,  and  taken  to  wife, 
[A.  1).  1()0.">.]  (indrid,  the  daughter  of  Thorbidrn,  who 
had  Iteen  married,  as  heibre  related,  to  Thorer,  the  Hast- 
nnin.'  Thorstein  Kriosson  bethonght  him  now,  that  he 
would  go  to  V'inland,  for  his  brt)ther  Thorvald's  Itody. 
lie  rigged  out  the  same  vessel,  and  chose  an  able  and 
stout  erew.  lie  iiad  with  him,  twenty-tivc  men,  and  his 
wife  (ludrid;  and  as  soon  as  they  were  ready  he  put  to 
sea,  and  tlu-y  (piickly  lost  sight  of  the  land.  They  drove 
about  on  the  ocean  the  whole  sumnu'r,  without  knowing 
where  they  were;  and  in  the  first  week  t>f  winter,-  they 
landed  at  Lysitiord  in  (Jreenland,  in  the  westiM-n  settle- 
ment. Thorstein  looked  for  lodgings  tor  his  men,  and  got 
his  whole  ship's  crew  accommodated,  but  not  himself  and 
wile;  so  that  for  some  nights  tliey  had  to  sleep  on  board. 
At  that  time  Christianity  was  but  recent  in  (IrtM-nland. 
One  day,  early  in  the  uiorning,  some  men  caiui'  to  their 
tent,  and  the  leader  asked  them  what  people  were  in  the 


'  N'orway  lay  cast  of  Ic  ■land,  and  In  iic';>  tin'  piMiplf  n\'  tliat   I'liiiiiti'v  wrrc 
siini'iiinis  railed  Kastnien. 

■  \N'illter  lieij^un  Octojief  I  ;        See  )i.  :i'.'.  noh    li 


!    IP  If" 


1 


44 


lM!r.((!l.rMUIA.\    IHSCoVKUV  OK 


tent 


lor^lnii    ii'i 


illc 


w  II  :    Willi  IS  if    iliat   :i? 


" 'riiiir<tfiii.*"  wii^  tln'  ri'|il\ .  "  iiml  I  ;mi  ciillcd  TlKti'stcln 
tlic  Mliick,  :iiiil  il  is  iiiv  cri'mul  licrc,  to  otlrr  tln-c  iiiid 
tliy  wilt-  Iddii'iiii;-  lic^idc  inc."  'riiurslciii  siiid  lie  would 
sjifiiU  to  Ills  wili'  iiliiHit  it  :  iiiid  iis  she  yavi'  licr  (•(•iisciit, 
lie  iiui't't'd  to  it.  '•  Tlifii  I  sliiill  coiiu'  lor  you  to-iiioirow 
witli  my  horses.'  lor  I  do  not  wjiiit  iin'siiis  to  fiiUrtiiiii  yon; 
lint  few  ijn'f  to  livi'  in  my  lioiisc,  lor  I  iiiid  my  wilr  live 
linicly,  :iiid  I  :iiii  very  iiu'liiliclioly.  I  liavc  ;ilso  m  tliirfrciit 
ri'iiii'iou  ■'  iVom  yours,  ;iltlioiii;li  I  tliiiiU  tlic  oiif  yoii  Iimvc, 
tilt'  lifst.""  Now  tlif  lollowiiii;-  ii.oniiiiii'  111'  ciiiiH'  lor  lliciii 
with  horses;  and  tlicy  too|<  up  tlicir  aliodc  willi  'IMiorstcin 
IllacU,  who  was  Ncry  iViriKlly  towards  them,  (iiidrid  liad 
a  u;t)od  outward  a|iiM'araiic(',  and  was  knowiiiii',  and  uimU'I'- 


■itood   well   how   to  Itciiavr    w'th   straiiuv 


!•: 


iirlv  ill  the 


wintiT,  a  sickiu'ss  pri'vailcd  amoiiij  Tlioisti'in  I'j-icsson's 
pi'oj)k'.  and  many  of  liis  slii|i  mt'ii  died.  Ho  ordi'ivd  that 
fitiliiis  shoiiM  lit'  made  I'or  tlit-  htxiics  of  tlie  dcatl,  and  that 
tlicv  should  lit'  liroiii^ht  on  hoanl,  and  stowctl  away  faiv- 
fiilly  :  for  lu'  saiti,  ''  I  will  transitort  all  tlio  hodiesto  Krics- 
tionl  in  snmmt'r."'  Il  was  not  loiiii;  heft)ro  sifkiu'ss  l)rt)ko 
out  ill  Thorstfin  IMat-k's  htuise,  and  his  wilt',  wlio  was 
('alk'd  (irimhild,  ftll  sick  lirst.  Shf  was  very  stout,  and 
as  strong,' as  a  man,  hut  yet  slic  et)ul(i  not  hear  up  au'ainst 
the  illness.  Soon  after,  'I'liorsteiii  Krickssoii  also  fell  sick, 
and  they  itotli  lay  ill  in  hcij  at  the  same  time;  hut  (irim- 
hild, 'riiorsteiii  IMack's  wife  tlietl  lirst.  When  she  was 
di'ad,  'I'horslein  went  out  of  the  room  for  a  skin  to  lay 
over  the  ct>r[»se.  Then  (iutjrid  said,  "  My  dear  'riiorslein, 
he  not  loiiii"  away ;  ""  which  he  |»rt)niisi'(l.  Then  saitl 
Thovstein   I'lricsson,  ''  Our  housewife  is  wonderful,  ft>r  she 


'i'lii-v  |ii'(iliiil)|\  liiiii  irnniiiiii'nc  Imi'srs  in  (irri'iilmid.  like  lliis  nf  iiTliiml 


to  llil.N  . 

-  r 


llll'Slclll 


nu 


as  il    liiiyail,  \\\\i>  nrvrllllrlc; 


■iwv  till'  siijirriiir  vii 


lll.» 


.11 1 


ic  mw  tail  I 


A.MKmcA   in    '11  IK  NoirniMKN 


45 


niisi's  litTSfir  ii|i  witli  lior  clltow-;,  inovfs  li.iscll'  torwiiid 
over  tlu'  iK-d-fraiiic,  iiiid  is  fci'liiii;  I'nr  lici-  sliocs.  "  In  tlic 
sjiiin'  iiioiiu'iil.  Tliorsti'iii  til*'  <  luudiiiiiii.  faiiif  lnnk,  and 
instantly,  ( JriniliiM  laid  In-i'sfir  down,  so  lliat  it  niailc 
I'Vi'i'v  l>i'ain  fliat  was  in  tlic  lionsc,  crarU.  Tlioistfin  now 
madf  a  fotlin  for  ( Jrindiild's  coriis*',  removed  it  outside, 
and  l>iipie(l  it.  Ili'  was  a  stout  and  stconi:'  nian,  luit  it 
reijiiiri'd  i»ll  liis  strcnu'tli  to  remove  tlie  corpse  from  tlie 
jiouse.  Now  Tiiorstein  Kriesson's  illiu'ss  in<rease(|  npon 
liini,  and  lie  dii'd,  wliieli  (Jndrid  his  wife  look  with  iiieat 
i;rief.  Tlu'v  WH're  all  in  the  room,  an<l  (Jiidrid  had  set 
liersc'lf  iipon  a  stool  before  the  hi'neli  on  which  lii-r  hus- 
band Thorstein's  body  lay.  Now  Tiiorstein  the  ^-oothnan 
took  (Jndrid  from  the  stool  in  his  arms,  and  set  himself 
with  her  upon  a  bench  just  oppositi'  to  Thorstein's  body,' 
and  spoke  mneh  with  her.  He  consoled  her,  and  prornist'd 
to  ,u;o  with  her  in  summer  to  Kricstiord,  with  hei-  husband 
Thorstein's  corpse,  and  those  of  his  crew.  "  And,"'  said 
he,  '•  r  shall  take  with  me  many  servants  to  console  and 
assist."  She  thanked  him  for  this.  Tiiorstein  Kricsson 
then  raised  himself  uj)  an<l  said,  "Where  is  (Judrid'r" 
And  thrice  he  said  this;  but  she  was  silent.  Then  she 
saitl  to  Tiiorstein  tlu-  (loodman, '*  Shall  I  nive  answer  or 
not?"  He  told  her  not  to  answer.  'I'lien  went  Tiiorstein 
tlie(Joodman  across  the  rotun,  and  sat  down  in  a  chair, 
and  (iiu(b'id  set  liersidf  on  his  knei':  and  Tiiorstein  the 
(ioo(bnan  said  :  "  What  wilt  thou  make  known  r""  After 
a  while  the  cor[»se  replies,  "■  1  wish  to  tell  (iiidrid  her  fate 
beforehand,  that  slie  nuiy  be  the  better  aidi'  to  bear  my 
deatli;  for  1  have  eome  to  a  blessed  restiuLi"  place.  And  this 
1  have  now  to  tell  thee,  (Jndrid,  that   thou  wilt  be  married 


'  We  iiiust  liiTc  rciticiiiliri'  tlii'  siiti|ilicify  nf  iiiimiirrs,  wliicli  ilicn  (ns  nnw) 
|iri'\'iiil('il  ntniiiiti' till' IrcliimliTs  Tin'  tiiiirist  in  Ii'i'liiml  is  mI \vii\  s -iiiriiri-^i'il 
liv  till'  iiliscncM'  lit' ill!  jiriidiTv 


^ 


»■    I'll 


40 


I'UKiOI.IMIllAN    MISiOVKin    ol' 


to  ill)  l('t<l:iii(|  iiKiii,  Mild  vc  will  li\t-  l<>ii<r  tnLTtlit'i- :  iili«l 
iVdiii  v<Mi  will  (Icscciitl  iiiiiiiy  iiH'ii.  liniNt',  u;ill;iiit  :iii<l  wise, 
iiiid   ii  well    |il»';isiiiii-  liiic  ul    |ii>-itt'iil  \ 


\'t'  sIimII  ii'o  iVoiii 
( iifriihiiHl  to  \(ii'w;iy,  nml  iVoni  iliciitc  to  Ircliiiid.  wlnic 
Vf  sliidl  dwell.  Ainl  li»iiM'  will  vi  jiv  r  luoci  her,  liiil  tliuii 
wilt  siirviv'f  liiiii  :  ninl  tlicii  tlinii  sjinit  i^n  :d>i'niid,  iiiid  u'o 
soiitliwards,  iiiid  sIimII  return  lotliy  liomr  in  riclimd.  ^Xiid 
tlicrc  iiiiHt  :i  rliiM't'li  1m-  Imilt.  :iiid  tlioii  iiiii>t  icffiniii  tlici'f 
iiinl  III'  ((iiisct  rilled  :i  iiiiii,  iiiid  tlii'ic  did  tli\  diivs. "  '       And 


w 


|iir\i  r  Ilirlllii'S  Ici  illsnilss 


llli^ 


s  \\  Jiiili'  MiiniiiiM'  M-^  II 


liliiiMiliiT  llint  all  liisliin   is  iihiit  nv  less  |icimi(Ii'i 


I   I.N 


II    iilli'   lii'lioli.    Illllsl 
Tlir 


iiHiliir  stiini'i 


IJcv.  Ciitlciii.  MiiiIht.  in  Ills  .\fiii/iiii/iii  iif  \iir  /;'i,i//iniil,  ^rjxi.^  tin- iK't'iiiiiit  nf 
a  ^rri'iil  iiiiniliir  nl  sii|iiTiiiiiiinil  cvi'iil-*  i>\  im  liciirr  rlmrnrii'i'  tluiii  lliis 
i-i'IiiIimI  ill  tlir  Snjiii  Si'iin'  iir;'  liulicniiis  in  ilir  lAtt'i'iin'.  aiul  nilurs  iir.- 
Iiiiirililc.  IidIIi  ill   llii'ir  iiirr|iliiiii  nml   I'lnl.      Aiimnir  nilnr  sicirio,  is  lliatul 


Mr.   IMiili 


>nii 
il  ( 


ill.   ilriii'dli    III'   till'   I'liiirrll    III     Mill 


Ml 


nml  il  nii'inlirr 


III  till'  tii'iii'lal  (  iiiirt.  \>liii  ii|i|ii'iii': 


to   II 


lll\  !■    Ill'lll     llCW 


ill'lli'il.        lie  «lis  lillllllv 


tililip'il  111  l\i'i'|i  Ills  lii'il      'I'lii'ii  it  is  siiiil  tliiit  till'  I |ilt'   "  liiliclil  lirr  Hniiir 

linii's  (III  tlirlicil,  mill  wlii'ii  till'  Ih'IiuIiIci's  liryiin  tn  iliscoiii'si' nl  it.  it  vim 
islii'il  iiwiiv.  l>iM'i's  |ic'ii|ili'  iiiiimll\  li'll  snnii'tliini;'  nl'li'ii  stir  in  llir  lu'd, 
III   II   I'onsiilri'ulili'  ilisiiiiii'i'    li'iiin   tlic   iiiiin  ;    it  scciiird  lis  liiji-  lis  a  lat.  Iiiit 


llii'v  rmilil  nrvi  T  ^ras|i  it.     Si'vcra 


till'  si. 


k   iiiiiii   lii\    wliiillx  still,  till' lii'il   wiiiilil   sliaki' 


I   trviiiM-  III  Iran  mi   tin-  Ih'iI's  Iniul.  tlm' 
SCI  as  111  kiiiu-k   tlii'ir 


lii'iiils  iinriiinliii'talilx       .\  \rty  sii'nn;^'  niiiii  nmlil   iml    lilt    tin'  sick   man.  In 


iiiaki'  liiin  lii'  lunrr  iiisilv,  tlm'  lir  aiiiilvil  liis  ntmusi  strrni^tli   imtu  it  ;  iiiii 


Vll    III'  111 


on  II.  \vi 


oiniii  III   1 


iilil  ^11  pi'i'si'iitlN  mill  lilt  llir   lii'ilsirail  mill  a  Intl.  iiml  a  man  Ixiiio- 
lliiiiii   anvstniiii  to  liimst'll  at   i 


.M 


il'  all  liail 


ii'iiii'iiiiii'  I 


livclv  as  tliiiiiir|i   lir  liail 


I'liuin  wliriT  I  III'  I'iifps 


lav  ;   as  till'  < 


r,  Smitli  ilii's Mti'i'  tin- 

/  liiin    ilcti'l.    Ills    I'liiinli'iian ntiiiin'tl  as 

....   hivi'fs  imisi's  wi'fi'  Ill'lli'il   in  tin' 
lattrrinii:  III'  I'liiiirs  ami  slnuU.  wlii'i'i'uf 


nil   ai'ciiimt    t'niilil 


11. 


•rivi'ii. 


.}f.i 


ii/iiiinii.    ri 


I.    IS,-):!. 


'■  I' 


i: 


•I'll 


UCt'iillllt      is    VilUl'llr.l     liif    liv     till 


iilliiii'.   wliii  was  iinr  lit   till'  must    Iranu'il 


iliviiK 
iiml  1 1 


■t'   Ills  ilav.      .\mitliri'  is  irivi'ii.  amiiii<i:   llic  miillit  mli' nf  wliirli  li 


11'  niiisi  I'liiivmciiiii-  prni 


it.     Ill 


wnii 


Il    was  nil   till'  si'i'nml  (lav  nf 


May.  ill  tlic  year  HWT.  that  a  iiinst  injji'iiiniis.  accnmiilisird  anil  well  (lisjinsM 
y.iiinu;  n:i'nili'inaii.  .Mr.  •Insi'iili  Hi'iicnn  li\  Nanu'.  aliniii  n  irclnck  in  tlii'iiinrn 
iiiif.  as  111'  lay.  w  Ih'iIht  slt'i'iiiiii;'  nr  wakiiiy  lir  cnnld  iml  say  (luil  lir  Jiidycd 
till' lalti'i' III' ihi'Mit.  Iiad  a  \  irw  nf  liis  lii'iitlirr  tliniMl  l.nmlnii.  !illliniii_r|i  In' 
was  liims'lfal  niir  Hnstnn.  distaiic'd  frnin  liiin  a  llmnsand  li'iinius.  'I'liisliis 
lii'niln'i'a|iiinii'"d  In  liim  in  ilir  inni'ninn-(|  say)  aliniit  .">  n'clnrk.  at  Hnstnn.  liav 


.\Mi:itl<\   liV    llll',  \oi!riiM|.;\ 


r 


tlirii  'I'lioi'sti  ill  siiiik  li:ii  kwiinis,  iiml  his  <'iii'|isi'  v  n-,  piit  in 
unlt'i-  ;ini|  I'iiiriftl  to  tin-  sliip.  'riinisicin  tlif  ( ioiHlniiin 
iThI  all  tliiit  li*-  li:itl  in'oiiiiscil.  ||«>  sold  in  -iniiii;  |  A.  I  >. 
|him;.  I  liis  ImikI  iiikI  (little,  jmkI  Went  witli  ( iinliiil  iiml  ;il| 
InT  liiMids  ;  iiiiidr  rt'jitly  tilt'  slii|i,  i^^dt  iiicii  Hh' it.  Jiinl  tlnn 
went  t<»  I'li'icslinrd.  TIm'  ImhIv  was  iMirinl  jii  ;lir  cihiitIi.' 
(iinlrid  Wfiit  t<>  l.tifs  nt  liriittaliliil.  iiikI  'riiorstrin  tlic 
IMark  took  Ills  alinilf  in  I'liicsliord,  and  dwell  iImit  as 
loll!;  as  ln'  lived;  and  was  lerkoiied  an  aide  man. 


iii^MiM  III  II I  n  lti'ii;riili'i!<>^Mi.  wliii'li  III'  usiiiill\  wnt'i',  Willi  II  I  III  I  ik  ill  l\  M  hImiiii 

his  lirml  ;  h\nriiiiiih  iniin-i  \viiK  Very  |iiilc.  i:liiihtlv,  iliiidly,  mill  lic'  liinl  ii  lil \\ 

\Miliiiil  nil  till'    sidr  nj'    Ills    Ic  illinicl.       '  llliil  llcr.'  siiys    llic   nll'ii^rlili'il    ,liiHi'|i|i. 

'  Hicitliir,'  niiswi  Tcil  ilic  ii|i|iiii'itiiiii.  Siiid  .lusi'|ili,  '  \N  liniV  llir  iiiiilli  r 
Iti'iillii  rV    liiiw  ciiIlH'  Villi  lici'c '.' '      'I'lii' )i|i|iiii'itin|i  i'i'|ilii'i|  ;     •  Hiiillii'i-    I     IniVr 

I II  most  liiii'liiiriiiisly  nml   iiiliiiiiiiinly  iiiiii'iliri'il  liy  n  ililiniii'iril   Irllnw.  tn 

wiiiiiii  1  nrvrr  iliil  liny  winner  in  my  lili','  W  1ii'|'('ii|miii  lir  l'um'  ii  I'lir 
liruliir  (Irsniiitimi  nf  tlir  miiriiiri'i- ;  iiiMiny:.  '  Hintlnr,  this  liihiw.  rhnn^iii); 
his  iiiimr,  is  iilti'm|itin^  tu  luiiii'  hmt  in  Nrw   I'liitjiiind,  in  /•'"//  nr   Wilil :   I 

Willlld  I'liiy  yiMI  nil  till'  iirriviil  nC  lilln  r  n|'  tin  si',  tn  ^;i't  llll  nldrr  llnlll  ihr 
yiiMTIinur  tn  si'i/.i'  the  |icl'sn|i  \\  hum  I  linw  liiivi-  drsiTili'd.  lllld  llirll  dn 
ynil  illilirt  him  I'nr  the  IIUlI'diT  nj'  ynlir  lil'nthi'l'.'  And  sn  hi'  Vlinislird ." 
Miithcr  tlirii  iidds  iiii  iirrniiiit.  whirh  slinws  that  lii'iirnn's  litnthii'  wiis 
iii'tiiiilly  iiiiiidi'i'i'd   lis  di'srriln'il,  dyintr  wilhiii   tlir   vrry  hniii- in   whirh    his 

ll|i|illlitin||    ll|i|ll'lll'l'll     ill     Unstnli.       Ill'  Sliy  S  t  llut    t  III'  111  llI'lllTl'l'  w  ns  I  rilll .   I  Hit , 

with  till*  iiid  III'  his  IVii'iids,  siivi'd  his  lil'i'.  .Iiisr|ili  liiinsrH'.  niir  iiiitlmr 
siiys.  ilii'd  "11  |iii(iis  iiikI  liii|irl'iil  di'iitli."  iiiiil  jjiivi'  liim  tlii'  iirrniinl  wriltiii 
lllld  siv:m'd  with  his  nwii  hniid.  And  iinw.  vvhilr  Nrw  Mn^rlnnd  liistmy 
iihnuiids  with  stni'irs  liki-  this,  nii'ii  im  liiii' tn  i|iii'slinn  iiii  In'hindir  wriiir. 

Ill  riiusr  Ii I'lisiniiiilly  indnljii's  in  tiiiirii'snl'  tlir  sniiir  snrt.      {{iilhrrshniild 

wi'  Innk  I'nr  tlii'iii,  lis  ii lit liriil ii'  rniiti'ni|inriiiy  sijrns. 

"rimrliild's  ( 'liiifrh.     Srr  An/i'/i'iliifi  .■<  Aim  ririnui ,  y.  till. 


!    !»"»' 


1 


p 


4M 


IM.'Ktol.lMltl  AN    l»IS<  nVi;i!>    (iK 


\il.  TIKHM'MNN    K  AIM.SKFNKS  KX  I'KDI'rioN  '!'( ) 


Tl 


\  INLAND. 


lis  uiis  ill  iiiiiiiy  r»'>|i('cis  ilic  iin»t   iiii|i(irtiiiit  cxiu-di- 


lioii  tit  Nfw  MiiiiliiiMl.  ImiiIi  iis  rciiiirds  llic  minihcvM 
cii^iiL^'t'il,  iiiid  the  iiiliii  iiiiitiuii  iiii<|  ('.\|i('i'i('iicfi|  <lci'i\'i>i|. 
A\'('  liiivc  liirtT  iliirciciit  iKMMHiiits  (if  tiiis  i'.\|n.'(lili<tii.  Tlu! 
iii'st  is  t'lniii  tlu'  smiifwliiil  ifiiiilliv  Saua  (»!'  'riiorliiin 
Kiirlscriif,  I'i'diii  lilt'  Ariiii  - Mdi/Nii 'III  <  'ullii-liun  ;  llic  sccoihI 
is  fVoiii  tlic  Siiiiii  (»r  Kiic  lilt'  lit'd,  lu'iini'  ••iillfd  "TIk! 
Arcumil    of    'riMii'tiiiii :  "    wiiiif    llic    tliini    is   a    lirit't'cr 


rclatinii    from    ('mltx    F/<if> 


nil  lISis, 


'I'lic    Iwo  first   iiiiiv   l» 


toiiiKJ  III  Iviil'ii's  /1////y'"V'/A  >  ,1//// /'/(vofw.  |i|i.  7-'»-J(H»:  ujiilo 
till'  last  is  also  iiivi'ii  in  llu'  same  work,  on  ii|i.  r).")-!)!. 

Tlu'  Saii'a  of  Karlsffni'  is  o('cii|>ii'il  larifclv  at  the  Itfi^iii- 
iiiiii;'  with  acconiits  of  various  lualtcrs  coiincctcd  with 
social  lilc:  vet,  as  siicli  >iil»jcct>  are  not  essential  to  the 
treatment  of  the  siiliject,  tlicv  are  all  omittt'd,  except  the 
account  of  TliorJinn's  marriage  with  the  widow  of  Thor- 
stein  Ki'icson. 

Till'  iiott's  to  the  iiaii'ati\»'  of  Leif's  e.\|ieditii>ii,  whic'h 
jirecedes  this  in  the  chronoluii'ical  order,  supersede  tlu' 
neccssitv  of  trcatiiiu'  a  niimhi'r  of  iniporiaiit  points  siit^- 
i;ested  aiiain   in  tlu'  present  narrative. 

It  is  helievcd  that  the  priiiei)ial  iiianiiscript  of  Thoi'stein 
j\arlsefne  is  a  <;eiiiiiiK'  aiitonraph  \>y  one  of  his  descendants, 
till- eelelirated  Hank  Mrlander, the  (iovi-riioi' or  Jiaii'man  of 
Iceland,  in  l:i!i.'»,  who  was  also  oni'  of  the  compilers  of  the 
L<ni(lii'iiiiii-liiil;.  i']i'hiiider  was  the  ninth  in  descent  from 
'riiorlinn.     Toi'lieiis,    who    supposed   that    this  mamiscript 


w 


as  lost,  knew  it  oidv  throiiyh  corrupt  extrai'ts  in  tlu'  col- 
lection (»f  niiijii  .lohnsoii. 

Ther.'  will  he  found  a  siihstantial  au'ri'eiiieiit  hi'tweeii 
the  diirerciil    accdiiiits.    iiotwitlistandiiiLi'    thev  ai'c   not    the 


AMKItICA    in     IIIK   NitlfillMKN 


I!) 


work  ol'fxc  witiifsso.  Till'  diirficiiiM  s  aif  cs  iilcntU  •.inlt 
;is  would  Mot  ;i|i|M';ii'  in  llic  i;i-ic  of  llutf  Wlilri-.  ulm  Imd 
li;iinlt';l  toii'flluT  lor  tin-  |iiir|io>c  of  inrrviiiu:  ""it  ;'  lii>lori«al 
tViiiid.     Tlu'  S;ii;ii  of 'riiorliiiii  \\;i^  w  rilttii  in  Iccljiinl,  while 

lliat     of    I'llif    W;|S    folllposcil    ill      «  ircilllilllil.       'I'lir    ilriuiml 

iVoiii  tin-  Flitlil  M<iiii'^rr>/if,  w;is,  of  coiirsr,  wi-jtlfii  ill  ilu- 
isliiii<l  which  Immis  ihiit  ikiiih',  :iii<|  is  rxtrt'iiiclv  luit  l', 
Wiiiitiiii;"  iiiiiiiy  fssciiliiil  |i;irti<iil;irs. 


N.M.'KA'I'IVK  (»l'  'I'lloliKINN    KA  l.'I.SKKNK. 

'riit'Tt'  was  a  mail  iiaincd  Tliord,  wlio  dwcn  ,t  lliitlhi, 
ill  llJilihi-Straiid.  l\v  married  Kridi^n-rda,  laiiiiliter  ot" 
'J'hoivi-  th»'  Idle,  and  of  Frid<rerda  the  «'  ■  i;'liter  ol"  Ki  ir- 
val,  Kiiti;  of  the  Irish,  'riionj  was  the  son  dt"  Miariie 
Hvnlii^mjiir,'  s(»ii  ol  'riiorvald,  son  of  AslaU.  dc  of  I'>iariM' 
Ironsides,  son  ot'  Kannar  Loditrok.  I  iioy  ha<l  a  son 
naiiu'il  SnoiTe,  who  married  Thorhild  the  l'artridire,daui^h- 
ter  ol  "rh(»rd  (Jeller,  They  had  a  >on  iiaim'd  Tlioid  Ilorse- 
h<'a<l.  'riiorlinn  Karlsofiie  was  his  son.  whose  mother's 
naiiu'  was  'riiorniia.  Thorliim  oreii|ii('il  his  time  in  nier- 
(•haiit  V()va<xes,  am!  was  thoiioht  a  i^ood  tra<h'r.  <  *ne 
snmmcr  he  titti'd  out  his  ship  for  a  vt»ya<i'e  to  ( iret-iilaiid, 
attendfd  l>y  Snoriv  Thorliraiiilson  of  .\||italiord,  and  a  crew 
of  forty  men.  TlH'ro  was  a  man  named  Miaine  ( iiimolfson 
of  liiviihiliord,  and  another  named  Thoi-hall  (iamlasonof 
Aiistliorfl.  Tlic  men  titled  out  a  ship  at  the  same  time,  to 
voyaii'c  to  (Iri-eiiland.  They  also  had  a  I'lew  of  forty  men. 
This  ship,  and  that  of  'IMiortinn,  as  soon  as  liiey  were 
ready,  [Hit  to  sea.  It  is  not  said  liow  Ioiil:'  they  were  on 
the  V(»yaii;(.>;  it  is  only  told  that  hotii  ships  arrived  at  Krics- 


'  Liti'i'allv,    IJinnu'    Jlntti  r-tuli,  I'min    \v!:^li   wr  iiia_\ .   |m  ilmii.-.  iiiliT  liis 
iM'r.sonal  pfculiarily. 

7 


^wm 


')() 


I»|{K('(»1,1MI51.\N   DISCOVKin    OF 


fiord  ill  tlu  iiiitmnii  ol'  tliiit  voar.     Lcit'  and  other  jtcople 

ro<U'  down  to  tlic  sliijis,  iuid  tVii'iidly  cxcliain^i's  whmv  mado. 

Tilt'  ciiiitaiiis  n'(|Ui'slt'd  Li'ifto  take  wiiatuver  1il>  desired  of 

tlieir  i>()()ds.     Leit'  in  return,  entertained  them  well,  and 

invited    the   prineiital    men   of    both    ships   to   spend   tiio 

winter  with  him  at  Jji-attahlid,     The  merchants  accepted 

liis  invitatitm  with  thanks.     Afterwards  tlu'ir  iroods  were 

moved  to  Drattahlid,  where  they  had  evi'ry  entertainment 

that    thi'N'  could    desire;     therefore  their  winter    (piarters 

pleased  them    much.      When  tlu'   Vule   feast  henan,   Leif 

Avas  silent  and  more  depressed  than    usual.     Then   Karl- 

scfne  said  to  Leif:  "Are  you  sick  friend  Leif?  yt)U  <lo  not 

seem  to  he  in  your  usual  sjiirits.     You  have  entertained 

us  most  liherallv,  for  wliich  we  desire  to  render  von  all 

the  service  in    our  power.     Tell  me  what  it  is  that   ails 

you."     "  You  have    received    what    I    have  been  able  to 

oiler  you,*"  said  Leif,  "in  the  kindest  manner  and  there  is 

no   idea    in   my    mind    that   you  have   ])een    wanting"   in 

courtesv  :  but  lam  afraid  lest  when  vou  iro  awav,itmaybo 

said  that  you  never  saw  a  Yule-  feast  so  meanly  celebrated 

as  that  which  draws  near,  at  which  you  will  he  entertained 

by  Leif  of  r.rattahlid."     "What  shall  never  be  the  case, 

friend,"  said  Karlsefne,  "we  have  am]»le  stores  in  the  ship  ; 

take  of  these  what  3'ou  wish,  and  make  a  feast  as  splendid 

as  you    please."     Leif  acce[)ted  this   oiier,  and  the  Yule 


' 'I'liroiiyliiiiit  this  iiari'ativf  of  'I'liortiim,  tlic  iiiUiic  nf  Kric  occurs  wlicvc 
that  of  Ltif  slioiilil  he  (riven.  I"'iic  dicil  live  vcars  hcfoi'c  'I'liorliim  caiuf 
over  to  ( iriTiilaiid.  'I'liis  accouni  liaviiiji'  liccii  writicii  in  Icriaiid,  tlic 
aiitlior  luadc  a  vcrv  nalural  inii^takc  in  sii|)|iosino'  that  Kric  was  still  at  the 
licad  of  till'  faniilv.  'I'lic  in'oiicr  clian^ir  lias  been  made  in  the  tfanslatioii, 
to  avoid  confusion. 

•  )'///(  was  a  iiajran  festival,  lield  oi'io'inally  in  honor  of  'I'lior,  the  jrod  of 
War,  at  the  lieiiinniii<_p  of  Kelirnai'v.  which  was  the  openiity  of  tlie  North- 
nian's  \ear.  Ihil  as  Chfisiianitv  had  heen  estahlished  in  (ifeiiiland  for 
live  years,  the  festival  was  now  |)rohal)ly  changed  to  l)ecenil>er,  and  held 
in  honor  of  Christ. 


AMIIIUCA    in    'IIIK  Noiri'li.MKN 


.31 


lK'i:::iii;  and  so  well  wcri'  I.i'if's  |i|;ims  iii;i(k'.  that  nil  wiTi' 
siir|ii'iso(l  tliiit  siu-li  ii  rich  Irsist  c.iild  ho  invjiai'i'd  in  so 
poor  a  couiitry.  AlU'r  the  Viilr  tl-ast,  Karlsi'l'nc  lK'i>-an  to 
treat  with  liiif,  as  to  the  luarriay-c  of  <Judrid,'  lioit'  ht'iM;L^ 
the  i»ersou  to  whom  the  rii;-ht  of  hetrothal  l>floi!ii\'d.  I/u.f 
ii,-avi'  a  favorahic  ro|ily,  and  said  she  must  fMHiii  that 
dostiiiv  whicli  fate  had  assi-^MU'd,  and  that  he  had  lu-ard 
of  iioni!  cxcL'i»t  a  i>-ood  i-cport  of  liim  ;  and  in  the  imhI  it 
tiiiMK'd  out  that  Karlsi'fn*'  married  (Jiidrid,  .:nd  tlieii-  wed- 
dini>-  was  lieid  at  l)rattahii<l,  this  same  winter. 


[A.  I).  1(107. J  Till'  I'onvt'rsation  often  turned  at  IJrattah- 
lid,  on  the  discovery  of  Vinland  the  (food,  :ind  they  said 
that  a  V()yaji|;e  there  liad  ureal  hope  of  u-aiu.  And  atrei- 
(liis  Ivarlsefno  and  Snorre  maiK'  ri'adv  for  iioinii' on  a  vovai;-e 
there,  the  foHowinLT  sprini!;,  Hiarne  and  Tliorliall  (Jamhi- 
son,  lu'fore  mentioned,  joim-d  him  witli  a  ship.  Tliere  was 
a  man  nanu'd  Thorvard,  wlio  married  Krcydis,  natural 
dauifhter  of  Erie  Red,  and  he  decided  to  i-o  with  them,  as 
did  alsoTliorvald,  son  -  of  Eric.  AndThorhall,  eommoidv 
ealled  the  Hunter,  who  had  heen  tlie  huntsman  of  Eric  in 
the  summer,  and  his  steward  in  the  wint"r,  also  went. 
This  ThoriiaU  was  a  man  of  immense  size  and  ot'  <rreat 
streiii^th,  and  dark  complexion  and  taciturn,  and  wjien  he 
spoko,  it  was  always  Jest ini^ly.  ITe  was  always  inclined  to 
ifive  Jjeif  evil  advice,  and  was  an  iiii'iny  of  Christiainty. 
He  knew  much  ahout  desert  lands;    and  was  in  the  same 


'  Willow  (if  'I'lmistcin  iM-ii'smi.  Uafii  lliiiiUs,  ns  slir  is  mmiiuiiril  in  this 
Siiya  l>y  two  iiaiiirs,  (iiiilriil  ainl  'I'iiiiriil,  thai  our -wa^  lur  naiin'  in  cliiiil 
hooil. 1111(1  the  (itlicr  ill  licr  inatiii'cf  years,  when  Chrisliaiiity  canie  to  have  a 
liracticiil  l)i'iirin;r.  l|,.r  lather's  name  was  Thorliioiii,  ilerivcil  t'roni  'I'hor. 
It  was  siuipiisi'il  that  those  wlio  Imre  tiie  names  oT  eoils  wonlil  liiid  in 
thes,'  iiatiie>  11  chariii  or  sperial  ]irotectioii  Ironi  daiio'er, 

"This    is  a    mislake.    l-'i-ie's  s m    was    deail       It    inii^l    have  lieen  aiiotlier 
'rimrviilil. 


1 


wm^ 


oa 


1M{K-('(»M  MHIAN   U1S('«>VK1{V  (>1<" 


ship  witli  Tliorvord  atid  'I'liorvnld.  Tliosc  used  tlic  sliip 
Avliieh  brouj^lit  Tliorljioni  tVoiu  Ici'laiid.  Tlioiv  wore  in 
all,  toi-ty  iiU'M  and  a  liuiidi-cd.'  Tlioy  sailed  to  tlie  West 
district  [of  (J  ri'cidaiid],  and  tlu'iicn  to  IJiarncy  ;-  lioiico  they 
sailed  soutli  Ji  niiiht  and  a  day.  Then  land  was  seen,  and 
they  huniclied  a  hoat  and  I'Xplored  the  land;  they  loinid 
U'i'eal  Hat  stones,  many  ol'  which  were  twelve  ells  hroad. 
Thei'c  were  a  ii'reat  nmnher  of  foxes  tliert'.  They  called 
the  land  llelhiland.'  Then  ihcy  sailed  a  day  and  a  iii<;'ht 
in  a  soiithci'iy  course,  and  came  to  a  land  covered  with 
woods,  in  which  there  were  many  wild  animals.  Beyond 
this  land  to  thi'  southeast,  lay  an  island  on  which  they  slew 
a  hear.  They  called  the  island  Uear  island,'  and  tiie  land, 
Markland.  Tlience  they  sailed  south  two  da^'s  and  camo 
to  a  cape.  The  land  lay  on  the  right  [starhoard]  side  of 
the  ship,  and  there  were  lontj  shores  of  sand.  They  came 
to  land,  and  found  on  the  cajte,  the  keel  of  a  shi[), 
from  which    they  ealK'd    the  jilace    Iviarlarness,'"    and  the 


'Till'  Niiriliiiicii  liiul  tWDWii.vs  nl'  rccUiiiiiiiy  a  liiinilrcil,  tlic  stmi'l  mid 
till'  loiiji'.  'I'lic  loiiu-  Iniiiilird  was  a  liiiiidr'cil  and  twenty.  We  read  in 
TciiiH'f's   Fritliiiif'x  Siiijii  : 

"  Itiil  ii  lioiiso  I'oi-  ilsi'lf  \vl\^'  tlu'  li!nii|iii't  liiill.  fiishiiiMcd  in  lii-  wnod  ; 
Not  llvi'  liinidifcl.  tlioiiL'ti  li)l(l  /'/'  i/oii  til  I'vcrv  liiiiidii'il. 
I'MIU'd  tliiil  tliaiiiliiT  sii  vast,  when  tlii'.v  i;allu'ivd  lor  Vulr-tido  I'iironsiiii:.'" 

Ami rii'itii  i(l..r\\n\).  in.  p.  l.'i. 

I'nit'i'ssni'  IJat'n  iid'rrs  tliat  tlir  limy  Imndfi'd  was  lii-f;'  inraiit,  liccaiisc  In- 
tliiid^s  that  till'  insi'i-iiitinn  mi  l)ijilitiiii  Wnrk  indiratcs  ('1,1..  tlir  nunilii'i' iit' 
111111  Kai-lsrt'ni'  liad  witli  liiin.  at'ti  r  lusiiiy  nini'. 


-Thr  |. 


rrsciit    island  nt    Disni.  alsn  railrd   l)v 


tlir   Xiirtliiiifii.  Hiavni'V,  or 


Hear  island. 


Tlir  noftlicrn  coast   ul'   Ainriira    was  rallrd    llrlhilaiid    tlir  (irrat,  and 


XrwlDiiiidlaiiil.   llrlliilaiid.  Ill'   Littlr   llrlluiaiid. — Aiiti'/ni/nftx  .1 


///( ncdiiii , 


]' 


41!>. 


Vl|i|)nsrd  rrmil  till'  distanrr  til  lir  tlir  Islrut'Sa 


'T,rir   had    lilt    ilir   k 


d'     his     \r>srl    llrfr    nil    tlir    1  m 


illt    id'    this  ra|ir 


ihiili  was  ('a|ir  Ciid.      In  raHinr-  it  liy  this  iiaiiir,  lliry  siniplv  riiljiiwrd  hi 


rNaiii|d(', 


AMKUICA   HV  'I'lIK  NoWTIlMKN. 


oo 


slioivs  tliey  also  eallod  WoiidtT-straiu],  Itecauso  it  scomod 
so  loiigj  sailiiiij  1)y.  Then  tlie  land  hcoame  iiidoiitod  with 
t'ovc's,  and  tlioy  ran  tlu'  sliip  into  a  bay,'  wliitlior  thoy 
directed  tlicir  fourso.  Kiiiif  Olat'  Trvirji'vi'sson  had  liivon 
Loit'  two  Scots,-  a  man  named  Ilaki  and  a  woman  named 
IIoi<ia ;  thoy  were  swifter  of  foot  than  wild  animals. 
These  were  in  ICarlfsefne's  shin.  And  when  thev  had 
})assed  hoyond  Wonder-strand,  they  itut  these  Scots  aslu)re, 
and  told  them  to  run  over  the  hmd  to  tiie  southwest, 
three  days,  and  discover  the  nature  of  the  hmd,  and  then 
return.  Thev  had  a  kind  of  ijarment  that  thev  ealK'd 
kiafal,  that  was  so  made  that  a  hat  was  on  toji,  and  it  was 
ojten  at  the  sides,  and  no  arms;  fastened  between  the  le^-s 
Avith  a  button  and  strap,  otherwise  they  were  naked. 
When  they  returned,  one   had    in    his   hand  a   bunch  of 


llllS     |-!I|H' 
IciWCll    \\\f 


"riiis  Imv  was  the  liay  tlicii  situali'd  lictwccn  Piiiiit  (iill>i'i1  aiul  Isle 
Nausct.  wliicli  I'Tiiti'ssor  Agassi/,  pi'iivcs  to  'lavc  cxisti'd.  Tin'  uriicis 
«l(i  not  iiiclitiiin  tliis  islaiiil  in  citlici' nt'  the  arcoiints  nt'  'riKirtiiin's  vnyaji'i'; 
lait  it  lias  lici'ii  sliDWii  that  Isle  Nausrt  lav  clusc  tu  the  shui'>,  sn  tliat  tiny 
uoiiM  iKit  kiiiiw  that  it  iriiK  m\  island  without  itaHiciilar  fxaminaiioii ;  aird 
it'tlii'y  wi'i'f  aware  lit' its  cxisti'iici',  it  was  not  ncci'ssafv  to  s|ii'ak  of  it.  Lrif 
landed  ii|ion  it,  therelnii'  it  was  mentioned  liy  ilie  author  wlio  wrote  the 
aci'ount  of  his  voyaife.  Yet  'riiortinn's  clironiclers  help  to  |irove  its  exist 
ence.  hy  sliowino:  that  heyund  \\'onder  siranil  there  was  a  hay  where  they 
ronlil  safely  ride  at  anchor  for  three  days. 

it  must  lie  notieed  that  tlu' events  are  not  set  down  in  their  e\art  order, 
tor  after  the  writer  yets  the  vessels  into  the  liay.  he  jfoes  baek  to  spcaU  of 
the  landiMy  of  the  Si-ots.  (iosnohl  anehoii'd  in  this  same  plaee  in  the  nieht, 
and  ill  the  nioriiiiiy  he  remarked  the  mimliir  of  coves,  or  as  he  calls  tlnni 
"  hreaches,"  in  the  land.     The  Saya  mentions  tin'  same  thine-,  sayiny   that 

the  land  "  hecame  indented  with  coves."    'I'hesi ves  have  now  ilisappeareil. 

yet  the  lestiinony  of  (losiiold  shows  how  accuratidy  the  Northmen  ohserved 
this  part  of  the  coast.  Like  ( iosmdd.  they  t'ound  it  con\eniint  and  safe  to 
lie  here  for  a  while. 

'""riiis  is  the  tirst  time  we  hear  o|  slavis  lieine-  lnMueht  into  N'inland. 
We  have  already  si-eii  that  with  tlieproiid  N'orthinan.  >la\  er_\  wa-;  a  ieaiil>  . 
Oiii'of  the  near  relatives  of  Jnoiilf.  thi'  lirst  Northman  \\\i'<  settled  in 
Iceland,  was  murdered  i)\   his  Seuicli  ( lilslu  slaves. 


flf" 


4 


I'UKCOMMHIAN    DISCOVKHV   «>K 


1  I 


irrii|K's,  iiixl  llic  oilier  iiii  »'iir  dI'  corn.  They  \\vi\\  on 
Ititard,  and  al'tcrwards  tlic  coui'sc  was  oltstrucfiMl  l»yanollK'r 
l»ay.'  Hi'vond  this  l»a_v  was  an  island,-  on  t-acli  side  of 
wliicli  was  a  rapid  <'nir»'nt,  tlial  tlicv  caili'd  llic  Isle  of  Cur- 


rent 


Tl 


iiM'c  was  so  i^reaf  a  iinniltiTol"  cidci'diicUs  '  lliorc 


lliat  llit'v  ("inld  liardly  step  witliont  li'cadinij  on  tlicii*  cut^s, 
Tlu'V  called  this  place  Stream  i>a_v.''  Merc  tliey  Itroniiiil 
(heir  ships  to  land,  ami  prepared  to  stay.  Tlicy  had  with 
them  all  kinds  of  cattle.  The  situation  of  the  place''  was 
pK'asant,  Imi  they  did  not  «*are  for  anytliinu,-,  except  to 
explore  the  land.  Mere  they  wintered  without  sntllcient 
food.  The  next  snmnu'r  [A.  D.  lOOS.]  failinii"  to  catch 
lish,  tliev  l>(>i;an  to  want  food.     Then  Thorliall  the  Hunter 


disa 


I'l 


leartM 


They  found  Thorliall,  whom  they  soutiht  three  days,  on 
the  tv>pof  a  roi'k,  whei'«'  he  lay  hrcathinjx,  hlowini:;  through 
his  nose  and  mouth,  and  mutterinj;.  Tlu'y  asked  why  he 
had  liOHt'  there.  Wr  replied  that  this  was  nothing;  that 
concerned  them.'  They  said  that  he  should  i:^o  home  with 
tlu'in,  which  he  did.  Afterwards  a  whale  was  cast  asliort!^ 
in    that    phu-e ;    an<l    lluw    assend)led    and    cut    it  up,  not 


'I'liis  was  Naiitiickct  of  .Marlliii's  X'iiicyMnl.  ilifii  |iri>lnil>ly  imiti'il,  t'oriii- 


iiijx  oiir  1 


•land. 


•  Naiiliu'kct  islaiiil,  wliicli  llu'ii   was  )irtiliat)Iy  iiiMtcd  witli  Martlia's  \"iiic 

vnnl. 

■'  Stnnniii //.  or  Stnuini  Isle,  wliicli,  iicriiaiis,  iiuli«'at«'s  tlicir  Iviiow  l»'(l<;i'  of 
till'  (iiillstrt'ain. 

*'V\ir  'niU.  or  soiiu'  sin 


lilar  liird  is  licrc  rcfcrrrd  to. 

■' Hiiz/.ards  Hav.  'I'lic  general  jiositions  art'  tixcd  liy  tlic  astronomical 
calfulations  troni  llu'  data  yivfii  in  l.cil  "s  voyap'.     tScc  noti'  to  [>.  ;i;>. 

'■■ 'I'lii-  short'  op|nisitt'  Martha's  X'int'yanl. 

"It  would  ap]it'ar  I'roni  wiiat  toUows  that  lit'  was  t'liifaijfcil  in  a  lifatlit'ii 
invofatioii.  'I'liis  is  thf  tiiily  iiistant't'  on  ri'fortl  tif  honor  tifiiiy  paiil  tti  this 
hcallH'ii  "•oil  on  llif  shtirt's  of  NfW  iMijrlaiid,  yt't  wo  nnwittinjrly  ri'i'otrni/c 


iim  i\  frv  tiiiif  Wf  SI 


i\  'I'lniisdax ,  iliat  is,  'I'hor's  !>av. 


'■  In  tiltlcn  tinit'S  at'i'rtain  |)ortion  of  fvt'ry  whalf  fast  ashore  on  ("»]«'  Cod. 
tornit'tl  !i  |ifn|nisitt'  ot  thf  flfrjiv. 


1 


AMKIMCA   MV    rilK  .\(»|{TIIMK.\. 

Uiiowitiii  wliiit  kiiHl  of  a  wliiilc  it  was.  They  l),.il,.,l  it 
with  water,  and  <I«'V(miiv(|  it,  aii<l  wciv  tak.-n  si.'U.  Tlicii 
Tl.orliall  sai.l  :  "  \.,w  you  sec  tliat  Thor'  is  more  i.n.n.pt 
t<>.i,nvo  aid  than  your  (Mirist.  This  was  cast  aslicre  as  a 
reward  lor  the  liyiim  which  I  composiMl  to  my  i.atron 
Thor,  who  rarely  forsakes  me.'"  When  they  kmnv  this, 
thi'V  east  all  the  remains  of  the  whale  into  the  Si'a,  and 
eommended  tlu-ir  allhirs  t..  (Jed.  After  which  the  air 
hecame  miMcr,  and  o|>i.ortunities  were  i-Mven  for  lishinu- ; 
iind  from  that  time  tliere  was  an  ahim(hmee  of  food:  and 
thi're  were  Leasts  on  the  land,  e.ir,<,'s  in  the  island,  and  lish 
in  the  sea. 


They  say  that  Thorhall  desire<l  to  ,o-o  nortliwanl  around 
Wonder-strand  to  explore  Vinland,  hut  Karlselhe  wished 
to  ,-,)  alon,i,r  the  shore  south.  Then  Thorhall  prepared 
iiimself  at  the  island,  hut  <lid  not  have  more  than  nine 
men  in  his  whole  company,  and  all  the  others  went  in  the 
company  of  Karlsefne.  When  Thorhall  was  carryui^ir  water 
to  his  ship,  he  saiii^'  this  verse  : 

"  People  sail!  wlioii  Iiidicr  [ 
Caino.  tliat  I  tlic  best 


'  t,it.'nilly  ll,..  |{,.,I  l)..ar,l.  as  Tlmr  is  suppos,.,]  t..  liavr  lia.l  a  hrard  ..f  tl,at 
"■"I"!''     'I'l'"  l>niM'i|,al  .Irity  ..f  tl.r  S.,r\huun  was  (Min,  a  ki.ijr  wla.  ,11,.,!  in 

Ills  1.,.,!   ill  Swr.irii.  and  was  aftrrwanls  a|H.tl si/.nl.     II,.  was  nillnl  tli,. 

■■  'IViril.l,.  ^r,„l."  Tlirsniils..!'  nirn  slain  in  l.altic  wciv  iv.viv,.,!  I,y  liim 
iiau  til..  Iiall  ..r  tin-  a-..,ls.  Nrxt  was  iM-io-^ra  „r  Kivy.  l,is  witr,  .•unsahiv.l 
tlir  j.-o,l,|,.ss  uf  ..artli  an.l  iiioiImt  .,r  ih,.  jr,„|s.  Slw  finally  (Ml  int..  tli." 
l-l'i'v  ...•.•n|,i...|  l,y  t|„.  ,.|assi.-  V..nus.  .N,.xt  was  Tli-.r  tli..  |{'...l  l,..anl,  svn- 
'-nyin..ns  with  .ln|,it..r.  Tli.s..  Ilir....  ,..,m|...s..,l  tli..  siipivni..  .•.„in..il  .,f  il,,. 
tr-xls.  Aft.Twanls  ..am.,  tli..  m-,,,,,1  an.l  ^vniU-  U-Mw.  ih..  N,,ri|,, nan's 
Clifisi:  lli.n  ..am..  Mrayv.  patn.n  uf  ..|„.|,„.n....  an.l  p..itrv,  an.l  his  wiC.. 
I'lHMM,  ..hartr...!  with  th....a.v.,f  ...rtain  appl-.s,  uiih  Il.iin.lal  ih..  p.,rt..r  ..f 
lli-«:u.ls  an.l  l.nil<l..r  .,f  tli..  iahil...w,  an.l  l,..k..,  a  kiii.l  ..f  Satan  .,r  ..vil 
I'l-iiK-ipl..,  ai.l...l  l.y  his  .-hiLlivn.  th.'  \V.,lf  iM.nris,  th,.  S.rp.nt  Mi.luanl,  an.l 


I. 'la.  or 


IValh 


iir 


I'UKCOI.I  MMIAN   DISroVKin    oK 


Prink  wmilil  liii\<',  Imt  tlic  liiml 
It  iii>(lv  licninus  inc  to  liliinu'  ; 


I. 


linr.  iini  imw  nl(li''('(l 


T(i  ln'iir  llic  iiitil 


W 


iiic  Iciiuhi's  nut  my  M| 


Km   I  liitw  iliiwii  III  the  s|)iiim." 
Ami  wIkmi  iIh'v  liMtl   iiiMilc  rt'iiilv  iiml  were  iil»i»ii(  lo  snil, 


'riiorlinll  siiiii;- 


l.cl  MS  ri-hirii 

Tliitlwr  wliciv  |uiirj  Ciimilry  incii  ii'jdico, 
Lt'l  till'  ship  tiy 


Tl. 


Ml 


r  III 


ic  siiioolli  \v;iys  iil    I  he  sen 
While  (he  slroni;  ln'iucs 


I 


IVO  (III 


Woiiilcr  slr.iml 


Ami  tluMC  Imil  whiili's 

W  hii  h  is  an  homir  hi  ihr  land.  " 

AfttM'Wiirds  lu'  sniltMl  iKM'tli  li>  ixo  jivouimI  WoikIi'I'-sIimikI 
;intl  Kiiirliinioss,  hut  wlicii  lu'  wislu'd  lo  sail  westward, 
tlu\v  woi'O  HUM  \)\  :i  storm  iVoiii  tlio  wt'st  nud  di-ivcii  to 
Irclaiul.  wlioro  lliov  woro  hcatcn  and  niacU'  sluvos.  And, 
as  iiu'n'liaiits  '  iH>|>i)rlt'd.  tluMv  'riiorliail  died. 

It  is  said  that  Karlst'l'iu',  with  Snorrc  and  IViarnc  and 
his  t'omradi's,  sailod  aloniL!;  tho  roast  south.  Tlu-y  sailrd 
lonii'  until  lliov  caino  to  a  rivi'i'  llowiiig  out  i'l'oin  the  land 
throuii'h  a  lako  into  the  st'a,  whoix'  tluMV  woiv  sandy  shoals, 
whoti^  it  was  inipossihlv  to  pass  up.  oxci'|tt  with  tlio 
hiii'lu'st  tido.  Karlsol'no  saiK'd  u|>  to  tho  month  ol'  tlu* 
rivof  with  his  toik.  and  lallod  tho  [)hu'0   Hop.-'     Ilaviiii;' 


'  \\ «'  sliuU  see  iVoiu  aimihcr  |iai't  ut  ihis  wmU,  tlml  tlic  tnuic  iit  thai 
]iiTi<ul  liclwiTii  lirlauil  ami  li'claiul.  was  yen   lar^ic 

'■'riiis  I'liricsiioiiils  iiri'i'iscly  tii  .Moiiut  Ildpo  luiy.  Tlic 'rauntoii  river  runs 
tlirouoh  it.  auil  thciu'c  tlows  tn  the  sea  liy  I'miissi't  river  ami  Scacumift  pas 
saoi',  lldp  is  iVoiu  tilt'  Ici'lamlif  /  /A'/;/,  tn  rcci'di',  Ik'ikv  tt»  t'tinii  a  liay. 
Till'  ciiinciiliiu'c  in  tlic  names  is  f-irikiuy. 


AMKIM*  A    UV    IIIK  NoinilMKN  ^7 

«'<>IIM«  lo  \Uv   lillMl,   ihry  HilW   thill    ullCIV  f|„.  tr,,„„M|  Wils  low 

run.  '  i^nvw,  iiii.l   ul.nv  if   w;.s   lii-l,..,-,   viiirs  u.iv  ruiih.l. 
Kvcrv  river  wjis  roll  ofiisli. 

TIlC.V    Cltl-    |.i(,S    wIlCIC     1||(>    llMI.I    Ih--,,„,    .,,,,1     ^i,,,,,,    ,1,,, 
liilHl   wim   hiiilicst;    1111(1    \vIm.„   ||„.  ii,|,,   „,,(,(   .low,,,  tliciv 
wciv  s:,nv.|  lisl,  ^'  i„  (|„.  ,,i(s.     'n„,,v  wcv  ;,  u-,,,,|    „„„,1m.,' 
(.filll  Jvili.JsorwiM  hriislsit,  Ih.'wo.Mls.      'I'l,cvsl;iv.<l  tliriv 
IimIC,    in()t,tl,   „„(l   r„Joyc.|  tl,..,„s..|vrs,  :,„.|  ,'|i,|  „',,|    „o(i,.,. 
.•iiiytliiii.'r;    lli(.v  |,i„|  fliri,.   <.:,»(!,.    will,  f|i,.„,.     An.l  r;,ilv 
(.in-  liion,ii,i,r,  wl,r„  (|„.v  look, Ml  i,foiiii,|,  ll„.v  s:,w   ;,    -,vi,| 
iiumyskin  Im,„|m,  jmd   |.(.|,.s  wciv  swiiiiir    u\>nu   (licnif  iin.l 
il  s..Mi,.lc.|  lil«.  n.Mis  sl.Mkrn  hy  (|„.  wi„(|,i,t,.|  (|„.v  ,,o'ii,|,.W 
(.•<Ik-h.ii,.      TI,..„  sMi.l  KMHs,.r„,.,"\V|iM(„,„_vtl,isi„,.„.,r- 
SiK.m-  Tli(.rl.i-i,i,(lsor,   ivplicl,  "  |(  ,„i,y  j,,.  il,.,t   ,|,i,^  j^  ., 
siir,,   of   ,„,„,.,   so   l.'t    „H   tiik,.   a  while  s!,iel(|   i,i,(|   hold   if 
lowi.niM    the.,,/'      They    did    so.      Tl,en.,i|.<,„    they   .-owed 
foWJl.-dH    the...,     W().lde|-i.,,!^r    lU     (|„.,„^    .,,,,1     ,..„„,.  *,^^    |.|,|^,_ 

These  people!  weiv  swii.-thy  and  (ieire,  a.,d  had  luishy  hai.- 
on  theii-  heads;  fhey  had  veiy  la.-ue  (yes  and  h,„ad  cheeks. 
'J'hey  stayed  fl,(.|-e  foi- a  ti.ne,  and  <iny.v<\  .ipo.,  ||,<.s(;  thi-y 
met,  andartei'wai-ds  .-owed  away  so.ithwa.-d  a.-ou.id  the  ness. 
Iviirlselne  and  his  people  had  made  (heii-  houses  ahovc- 
the  lake,  u.id  some  (.f  the  houses  wei(>  iieai-  ihv.  lake,  a. id 
othei-s  mo,-,«  dista.if.  They  winte.-ed  there,  a.id  the.e  was 
no  s.iow,an(l  all  their  cattle  fed  themselves  on    the  i^n-ass.' 

'  l'ci'im|PH  wliciit.     SiiilfMiiiii  hnitiiihriii'. 

■Mn   !r,.|an.|    Ihr  lmlil>ul    is  .•,il|,..l   ,1,,.  sii.iv,!   (isl,.     Pliny  iisrs  (Im'  sun.. 
imi.i.'.  wliirii  iiMlicairs  Hmf  ll...  watri'  is  siilc  wlicv  tli.^y  w.iv  loiin-l.     Tlir 

'"''!>""  '""I   ninsl..t   ll,,.  lint   fisl,,  s,.,-l,  us  1 ml.TS.  ,,.•,■  plrniirnj   j,,   ,|,„, 

vi<'inilv.  'I'h,.  II.Miii,l,.,-s  i,iv  ,.nsiiv  ImKcii.  and  tlms..  wliu  know  h.,w.  ..ffii 
ImiiI  tlii'in  ill  v,.n- slicml  wiit.T,  hmmu  in-- Jiisi  iiiid.r  the  siiiUkv  ,.r  thi' smikI 
like  til,'  killjr  ,Ttli). 

"I'liiH  is  liiiijriijin:,.  tliiit  iiiiirli,  |„.  ciii 1 1|, pvimI  l.yiiii  IivliuKJ,.,-.  t,,  inili.at,' 
lli,',liti;.ivii,'..  lH.Uv,.cn  til,.  ii,.w  ••oiiiitry  ami  liis  nwii.  It  may  haw  Ihiii 
"I'  iiit<'iiti,,iial  ,.xaH-;r,.i.ati,iii,  similar  t..  tlic.s,.,,f  Kri,-  i„  ,|,.s,ril,iiijr  (iiv,.,|. 
liiiid.     ^,.t   ,.v,.|i  if  it  w,.r,.  !i  s,.|-i,nis  iitt, .1111,1  lit  liistory,  it  ,',>iil,l   n..t  l„. 


ns  .        IMUvCOl.CMIJIAN   l»IS('<t\  T.KV  OV 

liiit  wlicii  s])riiin-  ciiiiic  [A.  I).  lOOJt.]  tlicy  saw  one  mkhmi- 
ii)<r  cjifly,  that  a  iiuiiibcr  of  canoi's  rowed  from  tlic  south 
romitl  the  iicss;  so  many,  as  if  tlii'  sea  were  sown  witli 
Cf)al ;  poles  were  also  swuni;  on  eiieli  hoat.  ICarlsefno  and 
liis  |)eo)»lo  then  raised  up  the  shiehl,  and  wlien  they  came 
toii'etlier  tliey  heuan  to  trade;  and  these  jieoplo  would 
ratlier  liave  red  cloth  :  lor  this  they  offered  skins  aial  real 
furs.  They  wonM  also  huy  swords  and  spears,  hut  tliis, 
Karlsel'ne  and  Snoi're  t'orhade.  For  a  whole  fur  skin,  the 
Skra-Uinii's  took  a  piece  of  red  elotji,  a  span  lonii",  and 
hoinnl  it  round  theii-  lieads.  Thus  went  on  tlieir  tratlie 
for  a  time:  then  the  tlotli  I)e<ran  to  he  scarce  with  Karl- 
sefni'  and  his  people,  and  tliey  cut  it  up  into  small  pieces, 
which  were  not  wider  tlian  a  iini^er's  hreath,  ami  yet  the 
►Skra'llinii;s  jj^ave  just  as  much  as  Itt'tbro,  and  more. 

It  ha])]n'm'd  that  a  hull,  whieli  Ivarlscfne  had,  ran  out  of 
the  wood  and  roared  aloud;  this  friiu'litened  the  Skra'llings, 
and  they  ruslicd  to  tlieir  canoes  and  I'owed  away  toward 
the  south;  and  aftei-  that  they  were  not  seen  for  tlirce 
whole  weeks.  Jiut  at  the  end  of  that  time,  a  uroat  nnnd)er 
of  iSkra'lliiiijj's  ships  were  si'cn  coming'  from  tlie  south  like 
a  rushiui,^  torrent,  all  the  jioles  turned  from  the  sun,  and 
they  all  yelled  vei'v  U)ud.  Then  Karlsi-fne's  people  took 
a  I'ed  '  shield  and  held  it  towards  them.  The  Skra'llino's 
leaped  out  of  their  vessels,  and  after  this,  they  went 
a_u;ainst  each  other  and  fouii'ht.  There  was  a  hot  shower 
of  wea[K)ns,  l)ecause  the  Skra'llinii;s  had  slinijs.  Karlsefne's 
people  saw  that  they  raised  up  on  a  Jiole,  a  very  largo 
ball,  something  like  a  sheep's  paunch,  and  of  a  blue  color; 
this  tlu'y  swung  from  the  pole  over  Karlsefne's  men,  upon 


ri'^riinli'd  us  tiirtlKT  tVoiii  the  trutli.  tliaii  l)r.  Cottun  Miitlii'i'"s  dcscfiiitinn  of 

tlir  clilimli'  "f  Ni'W   1mi2'I!II1'!.  wlirrr  lie  tells   us  tlm'   water  tussed  U|i   in    tlie 
iiir,  caiue  ilowii   ice;   and   tliat   in  (Hie  place  in   Jdassacliiisetts,  it  actually 
snowed  wool,  some  of  wlii(di,lu'  tells  MS,  he  |)i'eserved  in  a  box  in  liis  study. 
'  Tlie  reil  siiield  was  the  siyn  of  war,  and  the  white,  of  |ieace. 


AMKIMCA   HY  TIIK  NoUTIIMKN 


)9 


tlio  lyround,  mid  it  iiiiuK'  it  uroiit  iioiso  jis  it  fell  ddwu.' 
This  caused  <>Ti':it  I'ciir  with  Kiii'lsrl'iii'  and  his  iiu'ii,  so  that 
thcv  only  thoiis^lit  ot'  nimiin^-  awav,  and  they  rctivatod 
ulonii"  the  river,  for  it  seemed  to  them  tliat  the  Skru'lliiiifs 
pressed  them  on  all  si(h'S  :  they  did  not  stop  until  they 
came  to  some  rooks,  where  they  made  a  hold  stand.  Frev- 
dis  cunie  out  and  saw  that  Karlsethe's  people  li'll  hack,  and 
she  cried  out,  "  Why  do  you  run,  stroni>;  men  as  you  aiv, 
helore  these  miserahle  creatures,  whom  I  thoULfht  yon 
would  knock  down  like  cattle':'  And  if  I  had  arms, 
methiidcs  I  could  light  better  than  any  of  you."  They 
ijfjivo  no  heed  to  their  words.  Freydi^v  would  i;i)  with  them, 
hut  she  wsis  slower,  because  she  was  [»re;^nant ;  still  she 
followed  after  them  into  the  woods.  She  found  a  dead 
man  in  tiie  woods  ;  it  was  Thoi-brund  Snorresoii,  and  there 
stood  ii  Hat  stone  stuck  ^n  his  head ;  the  sword  lay 
naked  by  his  side.  This  she  took  up,  ami  made  ready  to 
defend  herself.  Then  came  the  Skra'Hin<j;s  toward  her; 
she  <bvw  out  her  breasts  from  under  her  clothes,  and 
dashed  them  a<i:ainst  the  naked  sword;  -  by<this  the  Sknel- 
lings  became  frightened  and  ran  ott'  to  their  ships,  and 
rowed  away.  Ivarlsefne  and  his  men  then  came  up  and 
praised  her  courage.  Two  men  fell  on  Karlsefne's  side, 
but  a  number  of  the  Skriellings.  ICarlsofne's  band  was  over- 
matched. And  now  they  went  home  to  their  dwellings 
and  b(»und  \i\)  their  wounds;  and  considered  what  ci'owd 
that  was  that  pressed  upon  them  t'rom  the  land  sidi>,  and 
it  now  seemed  to  them  that  it  could  havi^  hardly  been  real 
people  from    tht;  shijis,  but    that   these    must    have    been 


It  ion  of 

rni  till' 

•tiuilly 

Istiulv. 


' 'I'liis  ai'coiiiit  I'idi  hanlly  lie  (•xplaiiiril.     Tlnsi'  |)iii|ilc.  ilmilii  less,  li:i<l 
tlii'ir  own  ideas  oF  the  hi'st  iiiciIumI  ot'  ciiinliii'tiiii;' a  liylii.     'I'licy  wcit  cvi 
(Iciitly  Ks(|iiinuui\,  ami  tciriin'i-ly,  acforiiini;-  to  ('I'ant/.,  a|i|M'ar  to  havi'  livcil 
on  this  coast  lii't'orc  it  was  ofniiiicil  l>y  tlir  Iniliaiis,  wlio,  ln-iny  a  sii|MTior 
race,  soon  drove  tlieiii  away. 

■ 'riiis  appeal's  eliildisii.  yet  tlni'eis   iiotliini^- lo  iiidicalc  llial  il  was  not  ^o. 


60 


IMJKCOIJMHIAN   MISCOVKKV  oK 


optical  illusions.  Tlic  Skriclliiius  also  IoiiikI  a  di-ad  man, 
tiiid  an  axe  lay  by  liini;  oiu'  of  tln'ni  took  uji  the  axe  and 
cut  wood  with  it  :  and  then  one  alter  another  «lid  the  sanu', 
and  thonn'ht  it  was  a  line  tiiini^  and  cut  wi'll.  After  that, 
oni'  tottk  it  and  eiit  at  a  stone,  so  that  the  axe  hroke,  and 
then  they  thoiiiiht  that  it  was  of  no  nse,  hi-eaiise  it  would 
not  cut  st()ni!,  and  tliey  east  it  away. 

Karlsefne  and  his  people  now  thniiii'lit  that  they  saw, 
Jilthon,u;h  the  land  had  many  good  tpialitii-s,  that  they  still 
would  always  he  exposi'd  then'  to  the  feai-  of  attacks  from 
the  (uiyinal  dwi-llers.'  Thi'V  decided,  therefore,  to  <;o 
away,  and  to  return,  to  their  own  land.  They  coasted 
noi'thward  aloni;'  the  shore,- and  found  live  Skra-llinus  clad 
in  skins,  slee[»inu;  near  the  sea.  They  jiad  with  theiu 
vessels  eontainiii<^  animal  marrow,  mixed  with  Idood.' 
Karlsi'fne's  people  thoui^d it  that  those  men  had  hi'en  hanished 
from  the  land;  they  killed  tiiem.  After  that  they  cjimo 
to  a  ness,  and  many  wild  beasts  were  there,  and  the  ncss 
was  c(»vered  all  over  with  (hnii;,',  from  the  beasts  wliieh  had 
lain  there  dui^nu;  the  nij^lit.  X(»w  they  came  back  to 
Straumtiord,  and  there  was  u  plenty  of  everythini;  that 
tliey  wanti'd  to  have.  [It  is  thus  tliat  so»v.e  men  say,  that 
liiarne  and  (Ju(h'id  stayed  behind,  and  one  hundred  men 
with  them,  and  did  not  _i;'o  farther;  but  that  Karlsefne  and 
Snorre  went  southward,  and  forty  men  witli  tliem,  and 
were  not  lonii;er  in  iro|i  tlian  l)arely  two  months,  and  the 
same  summer  came  back.]'     Karlsefne  then  went  with  one 


'  'I'liiirliiiii 
Aliicrira. 


x|irrii'iicr  was   siinilar    ti>   tlial   ut'  must    rarlv  culunists  in 

'■"riiis.  vt'i'v  liUclv,  was  a  sliort  cxiiloraticiii  iipNarrayansrit  hay. 
'■'Tin-  ancient   ^tcxicaiis  mixi'd  liiiman  1)1(»>(1  with  lircad  olK'ri'd  on  the 
iltar  nf  tlifir  dfiiics. 

icIdsimI  ill  l)ni('kcts,  coiivt'v  wliat  tin-  writer  iinderstniid  to  lie 


•n 


le  lines  II 


a  mere  rumor 
inleiitiiins. 


T 


lis  repnrl  was  ( 


\i(lenllv  iiiilrue,  vet    it  sliows  his  Imnest. 


AMKfin  A   111    ■nil.;  NcilmiMUS'. 


l!1 


r'7: ";  ^"•';  '■; I-"  'I'"  i'""<-.  i.ut  iiK.  ivH,  i,.„u,i„..,i 

■;• ' '  ""■■>•  «"i'"i  """i-viu-,.  ,„.,  Ki,„,„,,„, ' 

NU    •,,, I  ..,.,., .,i,,,v  ,,,,.. ,„.».     AiHlwh..,,,!,,.. 

t,:   . '""  -'i  'i'-"" ' ""  "'■  "'^' '-''  '•■ '  ■-■' 


7:;"''|;"r""  '■■  -'  "i" '-...i,,  ,„..  „. ,.,  „ '  1-':  '^ 

Jfliltcml  ill  t  icir  si,.|,t  .„„|  ,|„„.      H    .        '•'    l"'i^«l"<'li 

.>iI'™h;:'::;;:,::;  :;;:;■;■'''; ' ''■■'■'"■"' •■■"'■■ 

•<.   t'liiMMi    II  )  till'    sliiitc  towards    Point      M,l    ., 

"'■:';:•;":.' - "■-"■'^■- ...1 1,  ,:,,,,;;■ '■■" 

'"■••"""'"V"'  <l'vss,  wliiHi   Woniisl-i  1  •\"""'""'"^' "»"<■'•<•"...  of  a 

• -'- •'"--■"•.  ■.'.H:..l;;::;';r  ;■;;;;:;;:''-'-• -■•-'■ 

I"  an  ol.l  work  .•all,..|  /.-/„,/,;„/,       .  -,        .  '     '"  '''■'■'•  '-"".val,..!. 

H. ..ia,anMli  .':''•;,'■'':;'  '^  I, 

-^a.v  Low  tar  ti...  Sau,,  wri,,.- ..nplovs  l.is  ,••.„.■  J\l  "'"  '"" 

■nost  1 IS  s,.n  n.o.is,,.,  wa  ■  ,         ""   '"""""'■•'  "•'"'>•  ""'•   " 

— .-.- .::::::;:;;;;;::;:' '7";-,"-'— .... 

"'"-'■  ""•  -at-r.a  wLol..  ship's  1.. „.  ■■_,  1         ;,''"";'••;  '  '•'"^'•''  "'^  '-' 

"'.1'.    111).        1 1 IKISOII  , 'Veil  (rsi'l'i  !.,.>:  n   :, 


I  «l<si'ril„.sa  iiirniiaid. 


''''"•'^■v.I>r.Cof,o„Matlu.rwl.ol,:  ""■'■""""• 

"""■'■-'"'•''■ 'a.-ts  in  Ills  ,  J;I     ,  '■"    "  '"'"''■'•■ -'-s  anion, 

•■-•'-I...  of  Salmon  .  .    s    '  "-;';''"'"-nt.  .l.a,  in  .,,in..,  H,.o.  ,,„.^. 

M  .swas,ow.,w,,,.  ,,.,,.,,.,,,„,,,  .,,^.,^ 


"■""•'•"""■■  I""  ""  l""lvtojoin  th,,u, 


A  stoii 


6S 


PUMCoUMniAN   DISt'OVKHY  Ol-' 


liiiiik  (>r  I  lie  river,  wlicn'  tlu-v  liiy.  Tliorviild  Ki-icsoii 
stiMiil  at  tilt'  liclin,  Mini  tilt'  nni|K't|  s|ii)t  iiii  iiiTDW  iiiti)  his 
bowels,  'riiorvaltl  tlri'W  mit  the  arrnw  iiiiil  said:  "  It  has 
kilK'tl  iiifl  To  a  ricli  latnl  wt-  haxf  coiiu',  hut  hiirtlly  shall 
wo  t'lijoyaiiv  lii'iH'lit  iVtuii  it."  Thorvaltl  st»tni  alU'i-  dit'tl  ' 
o\'  his  wtMiiiil.  I'ltoii  this  tilt'  riii|it'il  ran  awav  to  thi^ 
iitii'thwai'd  ;  Kai'lsi't'iK-  and  his  |)t'ii|(U' went  at'ti'i"  him,  ami 
saw  him  now  and  then,  anti  thf  last  time  llu-y  saw  him,  he 
ran  out  into  a  hay.  Then  thev  turned  hack,  and  a  man 
sann'  these  verses  : 


'IMlf   |U'n|ili'   tllil>t'il 

A  iiiii)ii'(l 

hdvvii  ti>  lilt'  liciich. 
ISi'liiiliI  lit'  ran 
Straiiilit  liver  tlit'  m':i  — • 
Hear  tlmii.  Thiirl'iiin  ! 


They  drew  ttlTto  the  northward,  and  saw  the  eoimtry  of 
the  lTni|teds  ;  tlu-y  woidtl  not  then  expose  tlu'ir  men  any 
lony'er.  They  iooketl  upon  the  mountain  ranu'e  that  was 
at  llo[»,  and  that  whieh  they  now  found,- as  all  t»iie,  ami  it 
also  aitpeared  to  he  t)t'  e((ual  liMiijjth  from  Stranmtiord  to 
both  places.  The  third  winti'r  thiw  were  in  Stratimtionl. 
They  nt)W  lieeame  much  tlivided  hy  party  feelin<i-,  and  the 
women  were  the  cause  of  it,  lor  those  who  were  unmarried 
Wt)uld  injui'c  those  wln>  wci'e  married,  and  hence  arose 
great  disturbance.  There  was  born  the  first  autumn, 
Snorre,  Karlsefne's  son,  and  he  was  three  years  old  when 
thuv  wiMit  awav.     When  tlu-v  sailed  from  X'inland  thev 


tliniwn  liy  mi  invisililr  Imiul  al'lri-  iliis,  raiis'd  a  s\v('lliii<i  ami  a  sipitiu'ss  in 
liiT  lii'atl ;  ami  slu'  wa-;  lii/t(  n  mi  Im'li  anus  liliu'k  ami  liliir,  ami  lirr  lir.'asi 
scratt'liM.  'I'lii'  iiiipri'ssiiin  nt'  llir  tcrili,  wliirli  were  like  a  man's  tcrtli, 
were  seen  liv  many." — .Vai/inihii.  vol.  I,  p.   i'll. 

'  See  )).  41.     'riiis  /It 1 11/  lie  a  wniny  version  i if  tin-  dralli  of  tlir  son  of  Enr. 

-'riie  jililc  Mills,  wliieli  txtriid  III  Miiiint    Ilnlie. 


AMKIfICA   in    'I'lli;  N<t|{IIIMi;N. 


M 


lull]  ii  sdiitli  wiiiil,  iiiid  tiitMi  ciUiM'  to  M:ii'l\liniil.  iiixl  Iniiiiil 
llici'*'.  live  Skru'll'mi;.-!,  iiiid  uiic  was  lioanU'd:  l\vt>  wt'ic 
rt'liiiilcs,  iilid  two  hoys;  tlii'V  took  tin-  liovs,  Init  till'  otllt'l's 
('si'ii|iiMl,  :iii(l  \\\v  Skru'lliiiijs  siiiik  down  in  tlii'  _<;roniid.' 
'riii'sc  Itovs  tlii'V  took  with  tlifiii ;  tln'V  taiiijlit  llicni  tlic 
liiiiiiUiiiit',  and  tlit'V  wi'i'c  liaptizcd.  'I'lu'v  called  tlicir 
uiotlnT  ^'alln•lldi,  ami  tlicir  liitlicr,  I'vii-irc  Tln'_v  said 
tliat  two  kin<;s  niK'd  over  llic  SkrivllinLfs,  and  tliat  one  was 
named  Avalldania,  Imt  tlie  other  \'alldidia.  They  said 
that  no  houses  weri'  there  ;  people  lay  in  eaves  or  in  holes. 
They  said  thci-c  was  a  land  on  the  other  side,  just  opposite 
tlu'ir  country,  whei'c  ])coplc  lived  who  wore  white  clothes, 
and  ci  'led  poles  hel'ore  theiii,  and  to  these  were  lastened 
tla,<j,'s,  and  they  shouted  loud  :  and  the  pe(»ple  think  that 
this  was  White-tuan's  land,  or  (ireat  Ireland. - 


Hiarne  ( Jriniolt'son  was  driven  with  his  ship  into  the 
Irish  ocean,  and  they  came  into  a  worm  sea,'  and  soon 
the  ship  hcpm  to  sink  un(h'r  tlii-ni.  'I'liey  had  a  hoat 
which  was  smeai'cd  with  sea  oil,  lor  the  worms  <|o  not 
attack  that.  They  went  into  the  hoat.  and  then  saw  that 
it  could  not  liold  them  all.  Tiien  said  liiarno:  "As  the 
hoat  will  not  liold  mori'  than  lialt'  of  our  men.  it  is  my 
counsel  that  lots  should  he  drawn  for  those  to  _<i'o  in  the 
boat,  for  it  shall  not  he  accordiiiic  to  rank."  This,  they 
all  thouirht  so  yenorous  an  otier,  that  no  one  would  oppose 
it.  They  then  <lid  so  that  lots  were  drawn,  and  it  lell  to 
Biarne  to  <;-o  in  the  hoat,  and  the  half  of  tlio  men  with  him, 


"I'liat  is,  tiny  llnl  iiitu  tlicir  alnnlrs. 

■ 'I'll!'  liiratidii  iit'tliis  I'laic  will  l;c  disciisstil  in  tlir  Miiidi'  Nanalivrs. 

■"['his  was  tlif  tcrcild,  wiiirli  is  dl'tni  m)  (liNtriu-iivc,  ami  wliicli  caiisnl 
('oliiinlms  ti)  aliandiiii  a  sliie  at  I'ni  rt"  lU  K".  liriaiiM-  lie  cmilil  not  k(i'|i  licr 
atloiit.     Sec  Irvine's  < 'ii/niiihus,  p.  i,'sr. 


I 


64 


I'KKCOl.lMniAN    DISCOVKUV  <>l" 


lor  till'  Itoiit  liail  iu)t  room  tor  more.  l»ut  wIk'm  \hv\-  luid 
ifotlcii  into  tlic  l)o:it,  nil  Ic-t'laiidir  man  that  was  in  the 
i^liip,  and  liad  i-onu'  witli  IJiai'iie  from  Iceland,  said:  "•  Dost, 
thou  moan,  l>iaiMU',  to  leave  me  heiv?"  IJianie  said:  "So 
it  Meoms."  Then  said  the  other:  "  \'erv  dillei'ent  was  the 
promise  to  my  lather,  when  1  went  with  thee  from  leeland, 
than  thus  to  leave  me,  for  thou  said  that  we  should  hoth 
share  the  same  tlite."  Uiarne  said,  "It  shall  not  he  thus; 
i;-o  (h)wn  intt)  the  hoat,and  1  will  <j;o  up  into  the  ship,  since 
1  si'e  that  thou  art  so  anxious  to  live."'  Then  Uiarne 
went  up  into  the  shi[),  and  this  man  down  into  the  hoat,  and 
after  that  tlie\-  wt'iit  on  their  vovaue,  until  they  came  to 
Duhlin,  in  Ireland,  and  there  tol<l  thi'se  things;  hut  it  is 
nu)st  people's  l)elief  that  liiarui'  and  his  eompanions  were 
lost  in  the  worm  sea,  for  nothiui;'  was  heard  of  them  after 
that  time. 


TlIK  ACCorNT  (>!•'  ■niDliFINN. 

That  same  winter  [A.  H.  1()()(!-7.|  tlu-re  was  mueh  dis- 
eussion  ahout  the  atfairs  of  Hrattahlitl ;  and  they  set  u[t  tlie 
^■ame  oi'  ehess,  and  souu'lit  amusiMiient  in  tin'  ri'eitiiig  of 
history,"  and  in  nniny  ot!>er  thinii's,  and  were  ahle  to  pass 
life  joyt'ully.  And  Karlsefne  and  Snoi-ri' resolved  to  sei'k 
\'inland,  hut  there  was  nuu'li  diseussion  ahout  it.  Ihit  it 
turned  out  that  Karlsel'ne  and  Siumi'i'  pri'paied  their  shi[ts 
to  seek  \'iiiland  the  tollowiuii'  summer.  [A.  1).  1007.] 
And  in  tiiis  ent<'r|irisi'  IJiarne  and  Thorhall  joined  as  eom- 
rades  with  tlieii'  own  ship  and  crew,  who  were  their 
followi'i's.     T'lere  was  a  man  named  'I'horvald,  a  relation'' 


'  'I'liis  was  I  nilv  ill  jii'(';)nlaiii-f  witli  the  iwililr  sjiifii  nf  tlu'  i^i-rat  Nm-iliiiifM. 
who  liail   111!  Ira r  of   dcalli,   wliirli    In  liri'oo,   is  liic  shiiiiiij:-  ^alr  of   \al 
lialla. 

-  '["Ills  is  dill'  I'viilriici'  thai  iiislorv  was  I'liilivali'ii  in  (i  iiTiilaml. 

•  llrrc  till'  write!'  is  ciirrccl.      Sre  llcMr  'J,  11,  ."il. 


•\.Mi:i{lC.\    in    TIIK  NoKTIIMKN. 


(;,"") 


;'■"■'■';••     ''' ■ «as  ,.li,.,i  ,l„.    II,,,,,,.,,    ,„.,„„„,. 

,:;!;:'",;'' '■7,'"-! ■ 1 ..,■..,;;,! 

.':r'-""""7.™''^ ■-N-i-..i«.,.i,„, ,  •,  ' 

; :  "'''"T' ■:"": ■■i'"n,..<'i,ris,i ,,;,,„,,, i,: 

';'.'"";' '■"■"'  ""■"i'--iii I.  Ti,.„.i,„ii  i,„i„i,„„i  i„ 

"'."■,""  "', -i"i'  "i'l'  ■n„.,.v.i,i,  ,„„i  „,,„  „,,„ .,  ■ 

',"';:'■;?;;' --"""-■■'-'■ .^■..-i ,,1,. 

■;■""'","'  ,"■'■'■•;  "■'"'  '''"'•  '""■>  -ri..,!  i„  „„.i,.  M,. 

""•?""';";:'"''■'■''""■"■  ■^'•"■■-"is vs„ii,„,  ,„„...; 

■;,?' ,'"":'"■■;■ ■  '''"■>'  -"-'  '■- -  .  • 

'"■;•  "■■;■  "■: '-■'•  -'  --li"..  ^ .-.,  ■„,  „„. ,,: '; 

'^' •'■'"  ti'"  i^iM.i,  vviu-iv  ii,..,-  r,„„„i 


"'"""•      1 1"-'"  "■«,■,.  r„.v,.s  ,1,,,,,,     A,„l,l„.v,.,v,.  ,1,., 

'"'.';',"""■'!•■' "'"'-I'-ii'  i''H"i.„„i.  .Alio,., his  ,1,.,. 

™.M .  n,.i„  ,u„i ,.  ,1..,,  „.i,i,  „  „,„,i,  „ ,,,,,„;,., 

"' ' '■■  "i-'i.  w,.,.,.  .,,.,„  „. I,  „„, :  ';'" 


"■^    illKl     IIIMIIV   Illlillials. 


'';."■'"■'■"  ""■■■:■«..,.,.„. I.,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,,  ,,„,,^ , 


'^"V  ."V",  ""■  ^ ■'■"■■' "■' .i,..s„„.i„  „„,.,; 

;■"'■'■ '''^ """ "-■ -. I"",. si„„,. „,„,,„„,'  u,„.„ 

"7:   "■'"",' ^l"-„.i,|,.. ,,,„,„,,; " 


.1" 


JIIMl     (||,.\- 


'Si'i'  |,iiM-,.  ,v_> 


^s 


■-! 


'ni  t 


-!l 


60 


I'KlvCoIJ'MmAN   DISCOVKHY  OF 


♦;iive  the  shore  a  iiiiiiu',  iiiid  called  it  "Woiidoi'-straiid, 
hecause  thev  were  so  loiiij  <;oiiiif  by.  Then  another  hay 
extended  into  the  hmd,  and  tliey  steered  into  the  l)ay.' 
AVheii  Li'il'was  with  Kinu"  Ohif  Try<ri?vesson,  he  sent  him 
to  establish  tlie  Christian  religion  in  Greeidand;  then  the 
kiny:  gave  him  two  Scots-iblk,  a  nnm  named  Hake,  and  a 
woman  named  Jlekia.  The  king  told  Leif  to  take  tlu'm 
witii  his  niiMi,  it' lie  would  have  his  commands  done  (luickly, 
as  they  were  swifter  than  beasts.  These  folk,  Leif  and 
Kric  gave  to  Karlsefne,  as  ibllowers.  When  they  were 
come  oi)|t()site  Wonder-strand,  tliey  put  the  tScots  (Mi  the 
shf)re,  and  told  them  to  run  southward  and  explore  the 
countiy,  and  return  betbre  the  end  of  tlirec  days.  They 
were  thus  elothed,  having  a  garment  called  a  Uiafal ;  -  it 
was  made  so  that  a  hat  was  on  top,  open  at  the  sides, 
without  arms,  buttoned  between  the  legs,  and  fastened 
with  a  button  and  strap;  and  the  rest  was  bare. 

They  came  to  anchor  and  lay  by,  nut' 1  the  three  days 
j»assed,  when  thiw  returned,  one  hivving  in  his  hand  a  vine, 
and  the  other,  self-sown  wheat.  Ivarlsefne  said  that  they 
had  found  a  fruitful  land.  Afterwards  they  were  received 
into  the  ship,  and  they  went  on  their  way  until  a  bay 
intersected  tlu'  land.  They  steered  the  ship  into  the  bay. 
On  the  outside  was  an  island,  and  there  was  a  great  tide 
around  the  island.  This  they  I'alled,  Straumey.''  There 
was  a  gi'cat  number  of  birds,  and  it  was  scarcely  pos- 
siltk'  to  lind  a  iilace   for  their  ieet  amoiii''  the  cii-ii-s.     Then 


Til 


mil'  liilV  li'Irl  rril  til  111  till' IH'cN  Inns  ili'Cnlllit, mill   w 


llil'll 


IllV 


hrt 


Wl'I'll 


Point  (tillicrt  ami  Islf  Nausi'i.  Airlur,  in  liisai'ciMiiil  nf  (iusnulirs  voyajic, 
says,  that  ulicn  tlii'V  iiiundi'd  I'niiit  Care,  tlw  fxtrnuitv  nf  Islr  Naiisft, 
witli   tlic  laiiil,  anil  in  tlir  ni^^lit.  canii'  witli  it  ani'lini'- 


W, 


Hire  nil  attain 


iiii:'  ill  ciii'iit   t'allHUus.  ihr  yrdiiini  iidcid 


Uvv 


V    It     W  I 


li    Im 


'I'll    tliat    tin- 


Niillliiiicn 


ifclv  till-  iliri'i' 


(lllV> 


■In  llif  tifst  acciiiint  it  is  callcil  a  Kial'al. 

"rin-  ajifri'iiicnt  wiili  ilic  lirsl  arnnint  is  siilistantial. 


AMHUICA   HV   TIIK  N<)I{T1I.MKN. 


07 


they  stoored  into  a  loiii?  l,ay  wliich   they  callod  Strauni- 
lionl,  wIrto  they  huided  from  their  ships  and  heo-an  to 
ri-oparo  hal.itations.     They  l)mui?ht  witli  them  all^iiids 
of  cattle,  and  tliey  found  sntHeient  i.astnni<iv.     Thei-*«  were 
mountains,    and    the    prospect  was    pleasant.       liut   they 
cared  for  nothino-,  except  to  explore  the  land;    tiiore  was 
u  great  ahumhuice  of  grass.     Here  they  wintered,  and  the 
winter  was  se\-ere,  and  they  did  not  liave  stores  laid  up, 
they  began  to  he  in  want  of  food,  and  failed  to  catch  Ush.' 
«o  they  sailed  over  to  the  island,>  Jioping  that  they  might 
find  means  of  subsistence,  either  on  what  they  could  catcli, 
or  what  was  ca.>r  ashore.     Hut  they  foimd  but  little  better 
fare,    though   the   cattle  were  better   off.     [A.  J).  I1IO8.J 
Afterwards  they  prayed  to  (Jod,  to  send  them  tbod ;  which 
prayer  was  imt  answered  as  soon  as  desired.     Then   Thor- 
ball  disapi)eared,   and  a  search  was    made,  which    lasted 
three  (hiys.     On  the  morning  of  the  fourth  day,  Karlsefne 
and  JJiarne  t\>und  him  lying  on  the  top  of  a  rock;  tiierehe 
lay  stretched  out,  with   open   eyes,  blowing  through  his 
mouth,  and  muttering  to  himself     They  asked  him  why 
he  liad  gone   there.     He  rei»lied   that  it  did  not  concern 
them  and  not  to  won(kM-,  as  he  was  old  enough  to  take  care 
of  himself,  without  tlieir  troubling   tliemselvis  with    his 
affairs.     They  asked  him  to  go  home  with  them;  this  Ik; 
<lid.     After  that  a  whale  was  cast  uj.,  an<l  they  ran  (h)wn 
to  cut  it  up:  nevertheless  they  did  not  know  what  kind  it 
was.       Xeither    did    Karlsefne,    though    ac([uainted     with 
whales,   know    this   one.      Then    the   <-ooks    dressed    the 
whale,  and  they  all  ate  of  it,  and   it   made  them  all   sick. 
Then  Thorhall   said,  "  It  is  clear  now  that  'the   Kcd-beard 
is  more  jiromiit   to  give  aid  than  yoiir  Christ.     Tiiis   food 
is  a  rewanl   for  a  hymn  which    [  made  to  mv  u'od    Thor, 
who    has  seldom   dcscrtcij    nic.""      Whrii   thry   heard    this, 


"l'lii>  WHS  |iiiiliiiiilv  Miiilliirs   \'iiirvai<l 


m 


IMM'M'OM'MmAN   DISCOVKHV  Ob' 


iioiif  would  ciit  yiiy  moic,  uiid  tluHiW  wliat  was  lot't  from 
till' nu'k,  coimnittiiiu'  tlieiiiselves  to  (Jod.  After  tliis  tlie 
opportunity  was  '/wvu  of  i''()in<jj  after  tisli,  and  tlioro  was 
no  lack  of  food.  Tlicy  sailed  into  Straninfiord,  and  had 
altniidance  ol"  food  and  Iniiitiiii;'  on  the  mainland,  with 
nnmy  e_<i\u;s,  and  lish  from  the  sea. 

And  now  they  ln'i^an  to  eonsider  where  they  should 
settle  next.  Thorhall  the  Hunter  wished  to  go  nortliward 
around  Won (hu'-st rand  and  iviarlarness  to  explore  Vin- 
land,  hut  Karlsefne  wished  to  ,i;'0  southwest,  thinkinu; 
likely  that  there  would  he  lar<ifer  traets  of  eonntry  the 
further  they  went  south.  Tliorhall  made  ready  at  the 
island,  and  only  nine  men  went  with  him,  al!  the  rest  of 
the  ship  folk  went  with  Karlsefne.  One  day  Thorhall  was 
earr^'int;  water  to  his  ship;  he  drank  it  and  sang  this  verse  : 

'•  IV'oplo  piiniiised  mo  wlioii  liithor  T 
'  Ciiiiio,  tlien  the  best  ih-iiik 

I  shonlil  liiive;  l)ut  the  country 

I  must  (lciR)Uiico  to  all; 

lloro  you  are  t'ort'od  by  Iiiiml 

To  boar  the  pail  to  tlio  water, 

1  mast  l)eiul  me  down  to  the  spring; 

Wine  did  not  come  to  my  lips." 

Afterwards  thev  left  the  land,  and  Karlsefne  went  with 
them  to  the  island,  liefore  they  hoisted  sail,  Thorhall 
sano;  these  verses: 

"  Let  us  return 
Homo  to  our  countrymen, 
Let  the  vessel  try 
The  broad  path  of  the  sea; 
While  tlie  perseverint;' 
^len,  who  praise  the  land 
Are  buildinu',  ami  boil  the  whales 
Here  on  Wonder-strand." 


AMERICA  IJY  THE  XoHTIIMEX. 


69 


Thoro 


Tlu'reupoii  they  sailed  iiortlnvard  aroniid  AVonder-straiid 
and  Iviulaniess.  I'.ut  when  they  wislied  to  eniist'  west- 
ward, u  stonn  eanie  a^^^aillst  them,  and  drove  tlieni  to 
Ireland,  wliero  tln'v  were  beaten  and  made  slaves 
Thorhall  passed  Ids  life.' 

Karlscthe,  with  8norre  and  IJiarne  and  the  rest  of  his 
comrades,  saile.l  south.     They  sailed  Ion-  until  they  ,-ame 
to  a  rivei-,  which  flowed  from  tlio  land  through  a  lake,  and 
passed  into  the  sea.     Before  the  mouth  of  the  river  were 
ii-reat  islands,  and  they  were  not  able  to  enter  the   river 
except  at  the  hi-hest  tide.-'     Karlsefne  sailed  into  the  mouth 
<.t  the  river,  and  called  the  land  Hop.     There  thoy  found 
Helds,  where  the  land  was  low,  with  wild  corn,  and  where 
the  land  was  hig-h,  were  vines.     And  every  river  was  full 
of  iish.     They  made  pits  in  the  sand,  where  the  tide  rose 
hio-licst,  and  at  low  tide,  sacred  tish  were  found  in  these 
pits,  ami  in  the  woods  was  a  great  number  of  all  kinds  of 
beasts.     Here  they  stayed  half  a  month,  enjoying  them- 
selves,  but  observing  nothing  new.     Early  one  morning, 
on   looking  around,  they  saw  nine  skin  boats,  in  whidi 
were   j.oles  that,  vibrating  towards   the  sun,  gave  out  a 
sound  like  reeds  shaken  by    the   wind.     Then   Karlsefne 
sahl :  "  What,  think  you.  does  this  mean  y  '^     Snorre  said  • 
-It  is  possible  that  it  is  u  sign  of  peace;    let  us  raise   up 
a  white  shield  and  hold  it  towards  them  :  "  this  they  did. 
Then  they  rowe.l  towaids  them,  wondering  at  theni,  an.l 
came  to  land.     These  men  were  snudl  of  stature  and  fierce, 
having  a  bushy  head  of  hair,  and 
cheeks. 


very  great  eyes  and  wide 


hey  remained  some  tinu;  wondei-iiu;-  at   tl 


and  afterwards  rowed  southward 


lem. 


■The  first  nurmtivi 
(lifd  ill  liclaiid. 
■■"I'lic  tirst  nnri'iitivc 


around  the  cape.     They 


<l<iitlitl 


<|.rii 


uhstaiiiiallv  tl 


ks  (if  111,,  slwials.     T 


iiiiiic  thill 


tliat    'riidfli 


CSS  cNistt'd  tl 


If  islaiiils  and  sir 


ii'ii.     ^iii( 


ill  tlic  iilivsical  aspects  (tt'tl 


I'c  that  tunc  yivat  chaiiiiVi 
lilt  I'cyioii. 


Iia\c  taken 


Public  Archives  of  Nova  Scotia 
HALIFAX,     N.  S. 


70 


I'HKCOU'.MMIAN  DISCOVKHV  OF 


'Ml- 


i 


? 
i  1 


l»uilt  (Iwolliiigs  l)oyon(l  the  lake,  others  made  houses  iieai- 
tilt'  miiiiiliiiid,  iiiul  others  near  the  lake.  Ifere  they  spoilt 
Ihe  wiiiti'i'.  Xo  snow  fell,'  and  all  thel;-  eattle  fed  nnder 
the  open  skv.  They  decided  to  explore  all  the  inomitains- 
that  were  in  JFop;  which  done,  they  [A.  1).  100!).]  went  and 
l»assed  the  third  winter  in  Strauni  hay.  At  this  time  they 
had  much  contention  among  themselves,  and  the  unmarried 
women  vexed  the  niari'ied.  The  tirst  autumn,  Snorre, 
Karlsefne's  son,  was  horn,  and  he  [was  three  years  old] 
when  they  went  away.  They  had  a  south  wind,  and  came 
to  Markland,  and  found  five  Sknellings,  of  whom  one 
was  a  man,  and  two  women,  and  two  were  hoys.  Karl- 
sefne  took  the  hoys,  and  the  others  escaped  and  sank  down 
into  the  earth.  Tliev  carried  the  l)ovs  away  with  them, 
and  taught  them  the  language,  and  they  were  haptizcd. 
And  the  name  of  their  mother  was  A^atheldi,  and  their 
father,  Uviege.  They  said  that  two  kings  ruled  over  the 
Skra'llinger's  land,  one  was  named  Avalldania,  and  the 
other,  Valldidia;  that  they  had  no  houses,  hut  lived  in 
dens  anil  caves.  In  another  part  of  the  country,  there  was 
a  region  where  the  people  wore  white  clothes,  and  shouted 
loud,  and  carried  poles  with  Hags.  This  they  thought  to 
])e  White-man's  land.  Alter  this  they  came  into  (Jreen- 
land,  and  passed  the  winter  with  i>eif,  son  of  Erie  lied. 
IJiarne  ( Jriniolfst)nwas  carried  out  into  the  Cireenland' sea, 
and  came  into  a  worm  sea,  which  they  did  not  ohscrve, 
until  their  ship  was  full  of  worm  holes.  They  considered 
what  should  hi'  done.  They  had  a  stern  hoat,  smeared 
with  oil  ;  they  say  that  woo;l  covered  with  oil,  the  worms 
will  not  hore.  The  result  of  the  council  was,  that  as  many 
should  go  into  the  hoat  as  it  would  hold.     It  then  appeared 


'I'liis  inii;-hl  have  liccii  the  riis.'  on  siinu'  rciiiiirkiililc  sciisoii. 


'I'liis  liini. 
(1 


•xicnd 


til  tlir  IMllr    Hills  (if   Miissiiclmsclls,  wllicli    illdiciltrs 


i.'(insi(li'ri\lili'  iictiMty  iii  cxploratKiii. 


ilir  Irisl, 


ii   ami  t  III'  Si 


a  lii'l'niT  Vinhiii 


A.MKIUCA   HV  Tin-:  NoirniMKN. 


71 


tl.at  tho  boat  woul.l  not  l.ol.l  mon-  fl.an  on.-l.alf  ,.f  tl.o 
I'K-n.     Tlu-n    T.ian.o  onloiv,]  tl.at  tl.o  rnoi,  shouM  ..,>  ;„ 
tl.o    boat    by    lot,   an.l  not   ac.'onlin.i;-  to    rank.     A,m1    as 
It  wouM  not  hoM  all,  tlu-y  acveptod  tbo  proposition,  an.l 
Mlion  the  lots  were  .Iraun,  tl.o  n.on  wont  ont  of  tl.(>  sbin 
'■'to  tl.o   l,oat.     An.l  tl.o  lot  was  tl.at   IJia.no  sl.o„l,l  ..I, 
<  own  tron.  tl.o  ship  to  the  boat  with  o,.o-half  of  tho  n.c^,. 
IlaM.    those   to  whom  tl.o  lot  foil,  wo..t  ,lown   from  the 
sh.p  to  the  boat.     A,.(l  when  tl.oy  had  oon.o  into  the  boat 
a   yonug  loolando.-,  who   was  tho  <.on.panio,.  „f   Hian.o' 
sai.1:    "Kowthusdoyouinton.l   to   loavo  mo,  nia.-noV- 
J.an.o  ropIiocV'That  now  soon.s  ....ossan.-'     Jh.,vpli;.l 
M-.tl.  those  words:    "Tho,,  art    not  tn.o    to  the  pn.n.iso 
"Kidowhon   I   lolt  n.y  tatl.o,-'s  ho„s..  in  loohn.d.-     Ilian.e 
roplie,! :  "  In  this  thino-  I  do  not  soo  anv  other  wav :  -  oon 
tum.n-  -  What  cou.-se  can  you  suivo-ostr'     njsahl   "I 
see  th,s,  that  we  chano-e  pjaoes  a„d  thou  oome    up  here 
^tud     go  the,-e."     Biarno  ..epiiod:    "Let  it  bo  so,  sb.oo  T 
SCO  tl.at  yo,i  are  so  anxious  to  live,  and  a.-e  trightenod  by 
he  prospect  of  death."     The,,  they  ohango,!  ^laeos,  and 
lie  descended  ,nto  tho  boat  with  the  n.on,  a,.,|  Hian.c  went 
"P  mto  the  ship.     And  it  is  related  tl.at  Hian.c..  a,.d  the 
sa,lo,-s  with  Inn,  in  the  ship,  pe.-ishod  i„  the  worm  soa 

ihose  who  wont  in  the  boat,  wont  on  their  oou,.so  until 
they  eame  to  land,  where  they  told  all  these  thin<.-s 

_  Atter  the  next  sunimo,-,  Karlsefne  went  to  k-oh.,.,!  with 
ins  son  .Snorio,  and  h 


ness 


Tl 


le   daughter  of  Snoi-r 


■ent  to  his  own  l.o.no  at  Keikii 


ilallfrida,  mother  to  Bishop    Tl.o.-lak 


e,   son    of   Ka,-Isef 


MO,   was 


had 


Tl 


I  son  ,,amed  Thorbi 


Ituiiolfso,].     Thov 


lorinia,    mother  of  JJishop   I 


on,,  whoso  dauii-hter  wa 


>iai'iio, 


►>i,oi-,'o 


mime  of  the  other  son  of 

Iiigvold,  and  mother  of  the  iirst  bisi 

this  is  the  01, d  of  tho  hist 


Thoig 


s  namod 
eii"    was  the 


soti,c  s  so, I    fati 


10,'     t( 


i<»l'  of   lli'ai.d.      A, id 


O.'V. 


7-2 


IMJKCOI.IMHIA.N   DISCOVKUV  ol' 


Til  I  HI)    N'AHHATIVK. 

Tliiit  siiiMc  suiiuiuT  caiiic  Jislii[(  from  Xonvay  to  (Jreoii- 
liind.  'riiciiiiiii  was  called  Tliorfinii  K'arlsi'fne,  wlio  stecivd 
tlio  sliij).  Wo  was  a  son  ot'  Tliord  llt'stluWdc,  a  son  ol' 
SiioiTo  Tliordai'son,  from  Ilijfda.  Tlioi'linn  l\arlsofnc  was 
ii  nnin  of  <^rcat  wealth,  and  was  in  lirattaldid  with  Leif 
Ericsson.  kSoon  ho  fell  in  love  with  (Judrid,  and  courted 
her,  and  slie  referred  to  licif  to  answer  for  lier.  Afterwards 
she  was  betrothed  to  him,  and  their  wc(hlin<i;  was  lield 
the  same  winter.  At  this  time, as  before,  mncli  was  spoken 
about  a  X'inland  voya_<::e ;  and  Itoth  (iudrid  and  others 
persuaded  ICarlsefne  much  to  that  expedition.  Now  this 
cxiteditioii  was  resolved  upon,  and  they  got  ready  a  crew 
of  sixty  men,  and  five  women  ; '  and  then  tliey  made  the 
agreement,  Ivarlsefnc  and  his  people,  that  each  of  tliem 
sliould  iiave  equal  sliare  in  wliut  they  madeof  gain.  They 
hud  with  them  all  kinds  of  cattle,-  having  the  intention 
to  settle  in  tlie  land,  if  they  could.  Karlsefne  asked  Leif 
lor  his  liouses  in  Vinland,  but  he  said  he  would  lend  them, 
but  not  give  them.  Then  they  put  to  sea  with  the  shij), 
and  came  to  ]jeif 's  houses  ■'  safe,  and  carried  up  their  goods, 
Tiiey   soon   had  in  liand   ii  great  and  good  pri/e,  for  a 


'  Tlicrt'  were  tliicc  ships  in  tlir  rxpi'ditimi,  and  tliis  was  (Iniil)tlcss  tlic 
(•(iiiipany  tliat  went  in  one  of  tlicin. 

■■'I'licsc  could  lie  easily  carried,  es|)ecially  as  tlieir  cattlt'  were  small.  All 
llie  early  l'ortu>j:uese  <'Spediiions  caiTied  their  live  stock  with  them.  See 
Vriiifc  lliiirii  till  Xiin'i/iitiir. 

•"I'lie  (litl'erent  events  are  liere  stated  with  some  rapidity,  and  we  seem  to 
reach  I.eifs  lioolhs  or  huts  sooner  than  necessary.  Accordiiijr  to  tin'  two 
|)revions  accounts,  they  did  not  rea<'h  the  locality  of  Leif 's  booths  until  the 
summi'r  after  they  found   the  whale.     'I'liese  hoot  lis  were  at  .Mt.  Hope  Hay. 


T 


lis  IS  el 


ther  the  result  of  confusion  in  the  mind  of  the  writer,  or  else  it   if 


founded  on  the  fact   that    Leif  ei'ected  haliitations  at   Iml/i   places.      In   the 
two  tirst  accounts  of  'I'liortinn   Karlsel'iie's  e 


lition.  thev  are  not  alluded 


to.     Tiiere  niav  lie  no  real  contradiction  after  all. 


AMKincA   HV  TIIH  NoKTIIMKN.  ^jj 

wlialo  had  hce.i  drivon  on  shoiv,  botli  lai^o  and  oxvollont.' 
Thvy  wont  to  it  and  (Mit  it  up,  nn.l  luid'i.o  want  of  to...!. 
Theu-c-attl.'  went  up  into  tla"  land:    hut  soon  tlu-y  wcro 
unruly,  and   gnxo  trouble  to   tlK-ni,     They  had   one  hull 
with  them.     Karlsrliio  let  wood  ho  felled'and  hewed  for 
"'^hipj.in-  it,  and  had  it  laid  on  a  roek  to  drv.     They  had 
all  the  good  of  the  products  of  the  land,  which  were  th.so: 
both  irrapes   and  wocd,  and  otlier  products.     After  that 
tirst  winter,  and  when  summer  came,  [A.  D.  1008,]  thev 
were  aware  of  Skra^Ilings  bein- there:  and  a  -reat  troop  .if 
men  came  out  of  the  woods.     The  cattle  were  near  to  them, 
and  the  bull  be-an  to  bellow  an<l  roar  very  loud,  and  with' 
tliat  the  Skru'llino-s  wore  frio-htened,  an.j    nnide  off  with 
theirbundles  — ami  these  were  of  furs  and  sables  and  all 
sorts  of  skins:  and  they  turned  and  wanted  to  uo  into  the 
houses,  but  Karlsefne  defended  tlie  doors.     Neither  partv 
understood  the  Ian -mige  of  the  other.     Then  the  Skru'llin-'s 
took  their  bundles  and  opened  them,  and  wanted  to  hav^e 
Moapons  in  exchange  tor  them,  but   Karlsefne  forbade  his 
men  to  sell  weapons.     Then  he  a.lopted  this  plan  with  them, 
that  he  told  the  women  to  bear  out  milk  and  dairy  products 
to  them;  and  when  they  saw  these  things,  thev  wouM  buv 
them    and    nothing   else.      And    now   the    trade    for  the 


AH 

Sec 


"nu.nilu.rmr.mnts  say  tlmf  tlu.  wlml..  ma.l,.  tlu..,,  sirk  ;  l,nt   ilu.t   w.s 
n..t  I.,raus..  tlu-  tl..sl,  uftl,,.  whalr  was  s,H,il,.,l.     H.a.nisl,.  in  his  translati,,,, 

<>t  tlu.  soncT  or  Tlu.rliall.  ind,.,..l  nn.krs  tlmt  ,Iisa^r,.,.,,,l.|..  ,,a„,n,  t,.il  l,is,.om- 
null's,  ilial,  iltlu'v  wisli,  tlicv 

'■  Fi  liil  wlitilc?  may  Imil 
lIiTCMin  Fiinliisir.iiid 
Karfriiiij  K'ltlu'ilaiiil  ;" 

i-.t  tlu.,v  is  nn.lm,.,  in  th..  trx,  ,„  ,|,n,w  suspi.-i,,,,   n, ,1„.  wl,al,.      Tl,.. 

tnn.hl,.  was.tlmta  su,!.!,.,  ov.Tf.v.linu.  ,,,„s,.,l  nans,.,.,  an,l  tl,..  wl,ai,.  u.s 
thruwn  awav  att.Twar.ls  in   .vli^riuus  .lis^„s,.      V.,   ,l„.  .„,,,„  js  ..,„  .,,•  [.^ 

<'l.rnn,.l.,^ricai  ..n!,.,-,  an.l  |,ru,„.,.ly  1... „s  in  ,lu.  a.-.ount  of  tlu.  n.xt  v,..,r 

lU 


74 


I'UKCiMJMIUAN    l»IS((i\  KIM    (iK 


81<i'H'Iliiin's  wiissiit'li,  that  tliov  cJii'ritMl  iiwav  tlu'ir  wiiiniiii^^s 
ill  tlicir  stoiiwuilis  ;  and  KarlsdiK'  and  liis  coinradi's  <j;(>t 
Itotli  tlicir  haiis  and  sl<in  n'ocids,  and  so  tiicy  went  awav. 
And  now  it  is  to  lie  told,  tliat  Karisot'no  lot  u  ijood  stroni;: 
t'oncf  l»e  niatU'  aioiind  tlii'  liabitation,  and  stri'nytlioiu'd  it 
for  dc'l'i'nse.  At  this  tinu',  (Jiidrid,'  Karlsel'm-'s  wifo,  lay 
in  of  a  nndc  chiM,  and  tlic  child  was  culled  Snonv.  In 
tlic  heoinninii'  oi'  tin-  iii'xt  winti-r,  came  the  Ski-iellitiLCs 
ai;'ain  to  them,  ami  in  much  ui'catcr  immhers  than  lieiore, 
and  with  the  same  kind  of  wares.  Thi'ii  said  Karisctne  to 
the  women,  "  Now  _ve  shall  carry  «>iit  the  saim'  kind  ol'  food 
as  was  hest  likt'd  the  last  time,  and  nothinu'  elsi'.  And 
wliun  they  saw  that  they  thri'WtlK'irl)iriiile  in  ovi-r  the  fence: 
and  (Indrid  sat  in  the  dooi-  within,  by  the  cradle  t)f  Snorre, 
her  son.  Then  came  a  shadow  to  the  door,  and  a  woman 
Avent  in  with  a  Mack  kirlK-  on,  rather  short,  with  a  snood 
aronnd  lier  head;  clear,  yellow  hair;  pale:  with  larn'c 
eyes,  so  large  that  none  ever  saw  such  eyes  in  a  human 
head.  She  went  to  wlu're  (Judrid  was  sittinu",  and  said: 
"What  art  thou  called  V  "1  am  called  (iudrid;  and 
what  art  thou  called?"  "[  am  called  (Judrid,  said  she." 
Then  till'  goodwife,  Gudrid,  put  out  her  hand  to  her,  that 
she  miglit  sit  down  heside  her.  And  at  the  same  time 
Oudrid  heard  u  gri'at  noise,  and  the  woman  had  vanished  ;'- 
and  at  the  same  time  one  of  the  Skru'liings  was  killed 
by  one  of  Karlsefne's  house  men,  because  he  was  about  to 
take  one  of  their  woaiions;  and  they  made  off  as  soon  as 
possible,  leaving  behind  them  goods  and  clotlios.  No  one 
had  seen  this  woman  but  (ludrid,  '"  Xow,"  says  Karlsefne, 
"  we  must  be  cautious,  and  take  I'ounsi'l  ;  tor  I  think  thev 


i|ii<i 


''I'liis  event  heliinjfs  to  llu'  previous  veiir.  Thi'se  t'ai'Is  are  not  "iveii 
ill  llie  other  aecoiiiits.  tlie  wiitei'  a]i|ieariiiy  to  have  (litt'ereiit  iiit'oiniatioii. 

'"  This  is  another  soinewliat  marvelous  occurrence,  similar  to  those  with 
wliich  Cotton  Mather  and  others  were  accustomed  to  einhellish  New  I'-iiy- 


laii.l 


iisiorv. 


A.MKKICA   MV  Till',  NoUTIlMKN. 


75 


wil 


••oiiic  th..  tliinl  timc>  with  Iiostilih-iiiid  niMMv  |.,m.|,K.. 

W^'  sliall  i,„w   (ak,.  the  ].hi„,  Hiat    ten   iiuMi    -.>  u„t  t..  (1,,. 

iH'ss  anil  sli,,u'  tliciiisi'lvc-s  tli.-iv,  an. I  (l,i.  ,vsf  ..f  ,„ir  uwu 
sI.mII  -o  into  tlM-  uo.mIs  aiMl  n.ak..  a  .■Irarai,...-  iov  u,,,' 
*"'ttlo  a.ifaiii.st  tli«.  ti.uf  flu'  (..,r,nv  ,,,i,hs  oi,t  of  fl,,.  i;..v.|  • 
an.i  w,.  shall  lako  the  1h>I1  lufoiv  us.  a.ul  let  hi,,,  .o  in 
ii'ont.-'     A.Hl  it  happcMH-.l  so  (hat  at  the  phuv  u]„mv'  th.-v 

wm.  to  moot,  tl.o.v  was  a  lak..  („,  the  on.  si,k>,  an.l  th..  fnnwt 
<"'  tlHM.thor.     Ti,..,,lan  whi,.|,   Ka,-Isrlhr  had   laid  down 
^Viis  adopted.     Tho  Sknoliin^s  ean.o  to    th,.   plaoo  w]u,.J 
KaHsot.,0  propose,!  t,.  tiuht  ;   an.l  tl,,..v  was  a  Imttle  there 
''"<l  '"an.v,.f  tl.  Sknolli„,i.^s    fell.     Th,.ro  was  o,„.  st.u.t' 
liH.nisoiMo  Mian  am,..,^.  th,.  Sknellinu-s  p.-opj,.,  an,!  Karlsc-fnc' 
tho.,.i;l,t  that  ho  must  l)e  th,.ir  ,-hier.     One  of  the  Skra.|- 
In.-s  had  taken  up  an  axe  an,|  h.oja.,!  at  it  awhil,.,  an,l 
wielded  It  a^i^ainst  one  of  his  eon,ra,l,.s  an,l  .  „t  hini  ,|„wn 
."^othat  ho  fell  ,loa,l  instantly.     Then  the  stout  nu,n  to.>k 
the  ax,.,>  looke,!  at  it  awhile.  an,l  throw  it  into  th,.  s,.a  as 
Was  ho  couM.     They  then  tie,]   to  the  woo,ls  as  ti.st  as 
they  coul,],  an.l  so  en.lod  tho  ti-ht.     Ivarlsofne  staycl  there 
with  his  men  the   whole  winter;    hut  towanls  sprin-  he 
ina,Ie  known  that   he  wonhl    not    stav  there  anv  lom-or 
a.Hl  would  return  to  Groonlan,!.^     Xow  they  prq.are.HWr 
then- voyage  and  took  muoh  i^oo.ls  from  then,-e  _  vin,.s 
grapes  an<l  skin  wares.     They  p,it  to  sea,  and  their  ship 
came  to  Ericstionl,  ami  they  there  passe.I  the  winter 


'l-r   .!.■    ,..vvious    v,.,-si..,.s„r,l.iH.„Ui.-.,r,l...  .x,.,s,.,.  pp.,;,.     This 
lust  iuramit  .•ipciii-s  a  little  pjaiiir,'. 

■'\t  is  f,-u,.  tl.nt  1.,.  ,]..,.i,l,.,i  ,..  ]..av..  ,lH.  ,..MMit,.y,  1.,,,  I„.  ,11,1  ,„„  ,,„,.•  ,„„ 
-  i"..M.,„.,.  u.ui,  „,..  ,;,ll..wi„u.  ,,...,  I,„„.     Tl,is  ..a,Ta,iv,.  skips  ov,".,.  .11 

--l.T  n.,v  l.uv..  tlu.  fnihs,  p,.ssil,l..  K„„wl,.,|,..  „r  .,.•  s|„.,.„.„. ,„.. 

•nav  ..x,st  ,„  ,1„.  ,nn>u.s,.,.ip,s.     This  is  .!,„„.  with   ,1,,.  „„„• nfi,!,.,:,.    .,„ 


the  ivi,s,.i,  Iliat  thriv  is  M.Ml.Mii)t  but  that  all  the 


•   llliii'c   I'lilllidciicr.    tur 


.siilisi,'aliiiii  i.r 


^ii'hil  l,Miili. 


lai'fativrs  (■(iiitaiii  a  I 


ii'dail 


i 


76 


i'i;i;t't»i,rMi»i,\.\  ihscovkuv  kk 


Tlic  lullowiii-;-  suiiiiiu'i','  I  A.  I>.  I(il  1. 1  K'liilst'liic  wtiii 
to  liM'liiinl  idiil  (iiidriil  with  liiiii,  iiinl  lie  wnit  lioiiic  to 
UciUiiiiH'ss.  His  iiintlicr  Icit  tliiil  \\v  liinl  iiiiidc  a  jMiur 
iiiiitcli,  and  I'oi'  tliis  reason  (iiidiid  was  not  at  lionii>  tli(t 
liist  winter.  r»ut  wiieii  -lie  saw  tliat  (Jiidridwasa  nolilo 
woman,  she  went  home,  and  thi-y  yoi  on  w»'ll  toi^ether. 
llallVid  was  tlie  daughter  o!'  Snorrr  Karlscfiicsson,  mother 
to  l>isiio|(  Thoriiik  IJmioIt'soii,  Their  son  was  naiiu'd 
Thorhiorn,  and  liis  dan^'htcr,  Thonina,  motluT  to  irisliop 
Hiorne.  Tlioru'eir  was  the  son  »»!'  Snorre  K'arisel'nesson, 
liithui'  to  Inii'vi'ld,  mother  of  the  lirst  iSishop  Urand. 
Snorre  Karlsefnesson  had  a  dauiihter,  Steinim,  who  marriecl 
Kinar,  son  ol'C  JrnnchirUetil,  son  of  Thorxald  Krok,  the  son 
of  Thoiei',  of  b]s|>ihol;  their  son  was  Thorstein  Uaiii^datr. 


1 


n  Keilciaiiess. 


mv  other  distimi'Uished  men  in  ieelam 


1 


I( 


d 


are  the  deseenchmts  of  Karlsi'fne  and  Thurid,  who  are  not 
hero  montioncd.     (u)d  he  with  us.     Amen. 


'  I'^nmi  the  sllllcllicllt  ill  till'  fiul  nt'  tln'  vi>_Vii<iT  nf  I'icydis  (sec  |).  SO),  wi- 
lr;irii  lliiit  tlic  simiiiiiT  ill  wliicli  lie  I'l  I'l  -luMi  Iriiiii  IccIiukI,  Iviirlscfiic  went 
Id  N( 
coiitlict  will 


H'wiiy,  mill  iViiiii  tliiiicc  ilic 'ii!!''..  ii:y: :  priny,  to  Iccliiiul.     'I'liisdocs  nut 


stiUciiiiui   ill  till'  ii'iiivc  iiiirriitivc,  tlioiiuli  jit  lii'st  it 


iiiav 


"/'/ 


11)1  iir  III.      It  (li 


it   SilV  tllllt   Ii 


'(  tlir  tiilliiwin'i'  siiiiiiiicr  tVoiii  (In 


liiiid    III    li-i'liiliii.    lull    llillt    nil    lluil    suillllirr.  lie    iri  nt    In    Icfliillil,    wliirli    is 
pcrtt'ctlv  ti'iir,  lliiuii^li   |MHiil_v   sialrii.  iiiiil   iiis  |iri'viiiiis  vnyayir  to  Norwiiy 

lii'iliy  iyliol'ril. 
-Sci'  11.  -IS. 


A.MKKICA    in     Tli;.;  .\o|{T||.M|.;\. 


77 


VIII.   TIIK    V()VA(;K   of    I'IJKVDIS,  irK|.(i|.;  AXJ) 

KINI;()(;k. 


Thi.. 


s  rii 


liirrativf  is  luitiul  in  Ai>f'</>i;/„/,.s  ANitr>rai,<i ,  p.  »;;,. 
It  sliuws  that  liisturv,  anion-  tlif  Ici'Jan.lt'is,  was  not 
madi-  snl.s,.rvicn(   tn  Taniily  inh'ivsts.     At  llic  .M.nclns 


lull 


wy  liavo  a  (sn|,|,|,.nirntaiy)  nolicu  olTliorlinn  and  Umhiil, 
al'tfi-  tlifir  I'ctnin  ti»  Iceland. 


.\o\v  lli('.M.nviTsati..n  lu-an  a-ain  to  lurn  upon  a  N'in- 
l""d    voya-..,    as    tlu-    oxpcdition    was    hotl,     o.:,i„r„|   .,nd 
'""""••''•''•-     TlH-sanH.siin.nuM-[A.I).  iolO.Jtl.at  KaHsfliK; 
ivtimuMl  iVoni  \'inland,asliip  arrivd  in  (iroonland  fr.nn 
Norway.     Two  l»i-otlK'rs  eoininaiHk.d  the  sliip,  Ilelyv  and 
FlnLo-o;    and  tl.ey  remained  that  winter  in  ( Jnvnland. 
The  l.roti.ei's  were  of  l,vlandie  descent  from  Earlfionj       It 
in  t.ow  t..  be  told,  that  Frcy.lis,  Kric-.s  daughter,  came  hon.e 
trom    (iai'da,'    and    went    to   the   abode  of  Finboo-e   and 
-Ifelii-e,  and  proposed  to  them  that  they  should  1,^0  To   Vin- 
iand  with   their  vessel,  and  have  half  "with  hereof  all   the 
.Snoods  they  eouhl   -et   there.      They  a-ri-ed   to  this.      Tlu-n 
she  went  to  the  abode  of  her  brother  I.eif,  an.I  asked  him 
to^i?ive  iier  the  houses  he  had   built  in    Vinlan<l;  and   he 
answere<l  as  before,  that  he  w..uld   lend.  i)nt  not  ^nve  the 
liouses.      Ir  was    a.yreed    upon   between    the  JM-otlTers  and 
Freydis,  that  ea.-h  slu.uld  hav.^  thirtv  ii-htin-  men,  besides 
AV<.men.      Ibit  Freydis  broke  this,  ami  ha.i   live  men  more 
and  eoneeale<l  them  :   and  the  brothers  kneu-  nothi..-  of  ij 
until  they  arrive.l  in  Vinland.^'     They  went  to  sea,  ami  ha.l 

'<iMnla  was  tl„.  K|,is.„|,„l  s.at  ,.f  (uvrnlan,!.  F.vv.jis  an,!  I,,,-  |,u.l.an,l 
".•MttoVinla,Mlwitl,Ka,!s,.t„,..      I<  wa.  sl„.  w|„.  Irn-l,,,.,,,.,!  ,1„- Sk,M.||ino. 

■It '-Pi-Mrs  tl.ai  th,.  r.,„t,.  „,  Vi,,!,,,,,!  ha,l  )„.,•,.„..■  so  uvll  k„nu„.  :hat 
''"'  '^"-■'  ^^'"''--^  II"  l"ii«vr  tl M-h,  i,  ,„.,-.ssary  t.i  .l.scni.,.  it. 


78 


I'HKCOU'.MHIAN   DISCOVEHV  OK 


Jii^rood  bt'lbivliiiiul  to  sail  in  company,  if  tlioy  could  do  so: 
and  the  dittbrcncc  was  little,  although  the  brothers  came 
a  little  earlier,  an<l  had  cai'rii'd  up  their  baii'ifaue  to  Li'if's 
liouses.  And  Avheii  Freydis  came  to  the  land,  her  people 
cleared  the  ship,  and  eari'ied  her  l»a<::i;a!L'e  also  up  to  \]\v 
house.  Then  said  Freydis:  "  Why  are  you  carrying,'  your 
thini"s  in  here?"  ''  IJecause  we  tluMis^ht,"  said  they, 
"  that  the  whole  ot'thc  a<i'reemci;t  with  us  should  he  held.  " 
She  said,  "  Leif  lent  the  houses  to  me,  not  to  you.""  Then 
said  Ilelge,  "  In  evil,  we  brothers  cannot  strive  with  thee  :  "" 
and  bore  out  their  luii^age  and  made  a  shed,  and  built  it 
farther  from  the  sea,  on  the  borders  of  a  lake,'  and  set  all 
about  it  in  oi'der.  Freydis  let  tives  be  cut  down  for  her 
8bip"s  car^o.  Xow  winter  set  in,  and  the  brothers  proposed 
to  have  some  <janies  for  amnsement  to  pass  the  time. 
So  it  was  done  for  a  time,  till  discord  came  amon;:;  them, 
and  the  games  were  iiivcn  up,  and  none  went  from  one 
house  to  the  otlier  ;  and  things  went  on  so  (bwing  a  great 
part  of  the  winter.  It  happened  one  morning  that  Fri-ydis 
got  out  of  her  berth,  and  put  on  her  clothes,  but  not  her 
shot's  ;  and  the  weather  was  such  that  much  dew  had  fallen. 
She  took  the  cloak  of  hei"  husband  over  her,  and  went  out, 
and  wi'ut  to  the  house  of  the  brothers,  and  totlm  door.  A 
man  had  gone  out  a  little  before  and  left  the  door  behind 
liim,  half  shut.  She  oi)ened  the  dooi-,  and  stood  in  the 
doorwiy  a  little,  and  was  silent.  Finboge  lay  the  farthest 
inside  the  hut    and  was  awake.     lie  said:    "What  wilt 


tl 


lou  liave  lie 


1^ 


revdis 


ue 


I 


want  tlu'C  to  get 


ip  and  go  out   with   me,  I'or   I   would  speak  with    thee. 


.Miiiml  liipiic 


<iill  (it'lcii  called  a  lakf.     'I'lu'si'  watcrsalwiivs  »\ 


lik.-  h 
1 


lavs.  laKcM, 


Hi'i'iTtdii.  ill  his  accdiiiit  of  (ioKimld's  \i>y 
lie  Wlilrr 


i|ii'a'.' 


Ilicsr  saiiu' 


I'mni  lliis  I  l''H/.alii'lli|  islaml,  we  wciii  riylit  ii\( 


til  the  inaviic,  wlirrc  we  stoiiil  aw  liili' as  ravislird  at  the  hi'iiiitH'ailil  diliraiv 


if  tile   s\vi>;'lMr.' 


•sides  divi'fs  ell 


lak 


will  Irdt'  we    saw    no  end. 


AMKKICA    l?V  'II IK  Xoirni.MKN. 


7!) 


lie  did  so:    they  wont  to  n  tree  that  v.-as  ]ym<r  ,„idor  the 
cavos  ot'tlio  luit,  and  sat  dow!..     -  How 'dost   tliou  like 
this  place  ?  "  sai.l  she.     He  said,  "  The  eonntrv,  iuethiid<s, 
IS  good:    hut    1  do  not  like   tliis  quarrel  tha't  has  arisen 
anion^ir  us,  tor  I  thiidc  there  is  no  cause  ihv  it."     "  Thou 
art  riuht,- says  she, '>  and  I  tiiink  so  too;    and   it  is  my 
errand   to  thy    (hvellin-    that  I  want  to  l.uv  the  ship  of 
your  brothers,  as  your  ship  is    larger    than\nine,  and   1 
would  break  u^)  fromhenee."  "  iwill  let  it  be  so,"  sahl  he, 
"  if  that  will  please  thee."     Xow  thev  parted  so,  and  she' 
went  homo,  and   Finhoge  to  his  l)ed.     She  went  up  into 
lier  l)erth,  and  with  her  eold  feet  awakened  Thorvard,  who 
asked  why  she  was  so  cold  and  wet.     She  answered'with 
great  warmth,  -  1  went  to  these  brothers,"  .md  she,  -  to 
treat  about  their  shi}>,  for  I  want  a  lari^er  ship  ;  '  and'  they 
took  it  so  ill,  that  they  struck  and  abus,.,!  me.     And,  thou 
useless  man!  wilt  neither  avenge  n.v  atfront,  nor  thy  own  ' 
and  now  must  I  feel  that   [  am  awj.v  fr„m  (Jreenland,  but 
I  wdl  separate-  from  thee  if  thou  .lost    not  aven-v  this  ■■ 
And  now  he  couhl  not  bear  her  reproaches,  and'told   his 
nieu  to  rise  as  fast  as  possible,  and    take  their  weap<.ns. 
They  did  so,  and  went  to  the  tents  of  ihe  brothers,  an<l 
went  in  as  they  lay  asleep,  and  sei/ed  them  all,  bound  t'hem, 
and  led  them  out  bound,  one  alter  the  ..tlicr,  and   Frc'vlls 
lia.i  each  of  them  jut  to  (h-atli,  as  he  came  out.      \,nv  all 
the  men  were  killed:  but  the  won.en  we.e  left,  and  n<.bo,lv 
would  kill  them.     Then  sai.l  Frey.lis.  '•  (Jiv.-  n...  yn  ax.-  in 
my  hau.l."     This  was  ,|,„ie,  an.l  sii.'  turnc  om     -...se  live 
women,  an.l  di.l   not   -iv,.  nvrv  until   th.-y   w.re  ..,1  .lea.l. 
Now  they  returm^d  to  thi'ir  own   hut  after  this  evil  .hr.l  ; 
ami  the  people  could  ,.nly  obs.'rv..  that   Frey.lis  tli,.uu.|,t 


'  Kivydis  Wiis.'vidrnlly  llic  |,fiiici|,iil  in  all  lliiiios, 

■^{.v  tUr  l.-iiUMli.'  law.  a  unman    ■onM  s..|,ai-at,.  lV,,ni   In  ,•  Inisl.an,!  li.r  a 


<li«lil 


i 


I  IE 


80 


I'HI'M'OLrMIUAN   DISCOV'KKV  OF 


she  had  done  exceedingly  well ;  and  slie  said  to  her  com- 
rades, "  If  it  he  onr  lot  to  return  to  (Jreenland,!  shall  take 
tlie  life  of  the  nnin  who  speaks  of  this  affair  ;  and  we  shall 
say  that  we  left  them  here  when  we  went  away."  Now 
they  got  ready  tlie  ship  early  in  spring  [A.  D.  1011.]  which 
had  belonged  to  tlie  brothers,  with  all  the  goods  they  could 
get  on,  that  the  ship  would  carry,  sailed  out  lo  sea,  and 
had  a  good  voyage ;  and  the  ship  came  early  in  the  summer 
to  Ericstiord.  Karlsefne  was  there  still,'  and  had  his  ship 
ready  for  sea,  hut  waited  a  wind;  and  it  was  a  common 
saying  tliat  never  a  richei-  ship  sailed  from  (Jreenland  than 
that  which  lie  steered. 

Freydis  went  home  now  to  her  house,  which  had  stood 
without  damage  in  the  meanwhile.  She  bestowed  many 
gifts  on  hei-  followers,  that  they  might  conceal  lier  wicked- 
ness ;  and  she  remained  now  on  her  farm.  All  were  not 
so  silent  about  their  misdeeds  and  wickechiess,  that  some- 
thing did  not  come  up  about  it.  This  came  at  last  to  the 
ears  of  Leif,  her  brother,  and  he  thought  this  report  was 
very  bad.  Leif  took  three  men  of  Freydis's  followers,  and 
tortured  them  to  speak,  and  they  acknowledged  the  whole 
affair,  and  their  tales  agreed  together.  "I  do  not  care," 
says  Leif,  "  to  treat  my  sister  as  she  deserves;  but  this  I 
will  foretell  them,  that  their  post«'rity  will  never  thrive." 
Aiid  it  went  so  that  nobodv  thouifht  anvthing  of  them  but 
evil,  from  that  time.-  Xow  we  liave  to  say  that  Karlsefne 
got  ready  his  ship,  and  sailed  out  to  sea.''  lie  came  on  well, 
and  reached  Norway  safely,  and  remained  there  all  winter 


'  \c('iiriliiiy  to  tliis  sliiti'iiit'iit,  tlic  c'Niii'ilitiiiii  rrt  iiriicil  vcrv  ciiily,  iis 
Kiirlsi'f'in'  went  tti  N'lMwnv  llu'suiiu'  si'iisnn.iis  iircvimisly  told. 

-If  this  triiiisiit'tioii  liiid  occmrcil  diiriiiy  the  |>i('vioiis  cciitiiry,  wlicii 
l)ii<iiinisni  imi\  ci'siillv  pi'i'vaili'd.  this  atroc'hiiis  iic'i  of  tiic  coldhloodi'd  Frcy- 
dis,  would  have  liccn  the  |)nliidi'  'o  iiinidsi  I'lidliss  sii-ifo. 

■'Tins  iiiM'oiiiit  is  siipplrnu'iitiU'v  to  tlic  foi'cudiny,  mimI  is  tukcii  from  the 
•iMhii'  work.     Karlsi'l'iic.  of  coiir'sc.  sailrd  from  i  Jrcrulaiid. 


AMKltICA   HV  TlIK  XOHTHMKN. 


81 


.•111(1  sold  liis  wares;    uiul  ho,  and  his  wife,  were  held  in 
esteem  by  tlie  l)est  peoi)lo  in  N'onvay.     Xow  in  the  tbUow- 
ing  spring,  he  fitted  out  his  ship  for  leeland,  and  when  he 
was  quite  ready,  and  his  ^hip  lay  outside  tlie  pier  waiting 
a  wind,   tliere  came  to  him    a  south-country  man,  tVoin 
Bremen,  in  Saxon  land,  who  would  deal  with  him  for  his 
liouse-bar.'     "  I  will  not  sell  it,"  said    he.     "  I  will  give 
thee  lialf  a  mark  of  gold  for  it,"  said  tlie  south-country 
man.     Karlsefne  thought  it  was  a  good  offer,  and  sold  it 
accordingly.     The  south-country  man  went  awav  with  his 
house-l)ar,  and  Karlsefne  did  not  know  wliat  wood  it  was. 
It  was  massur-wood^  from  Vinland.     Xow  Karlsefne  put 
to  sea,  [A.  J>.  101i>.]  and  his  ship  came  to  land  north  at 
Skagafiord,''  and  there  lie  put  up  his  vessel  for  winte]-.     In 
spring  ho  purchased  Glambieirland,'  where  ho  took  up  his 
abode,  and  dwelt  there  as  long  as  lie  lived,  and  was  a  man 
of  great  consideration;  and  many  men  are  descended  from 
hiui    and   his   wife   Gudrid,   and   it   was   a  good  family. 
When  Karlsefne  die<l,  Gudrid  took  the  management  of  his 
estates,  and  of  Snorre  her  son,  who  was  born  in  Mnland. 
And  when  Snorre  was  married,  Gudrid  went  out  of  the 
country,  and  went  to  the  south,'^  and  came  back  ayain  to 


riTiUa.w,tr>i  lias  t.,...,!  tran  latcl  "  iMnisr-l,.  .;oni."    The  .^xart  iiicaniii{r  jh 

yv,X  kii.nvii.     A  iM.s.Mii-sliaft  wuuld  U-  to.,  small,  Im.wcv.t  rare  fl,.'  w I'to 

;k.  ma.Ir  iiiti.  anvrliinjr  of  valu,'.     The  bar  for  s.MM.rii.u-  tl„.  l,„„s,.  ,|nur  w«h 
as  ,'.„ii,i!.)n  as  lu'.vssary  in  rvcry  li.Misr,  and  this,  |H.ilia|,s,  is  wlii.t  is  nCrmd 

'  Sit  note  I,  ]i.  ;!(), 

■  In  'lie  iKii'tli  of  fci'laml. 
'  Ntn  far  fi-iiin  Skao-jiliord. 

Ml    is   inKJiTst.MMJ   ijmi   sh,.   wrnt    t,,   |; I,    „iay   1...    uskci    uliy  ,s1ip 

«li>l  Mol  spivail  Il>..  news  ,,f  hrv  son's  voyaj-v  in  tliosr  parts  of  Kurop,. 
whitluT  she  went,  an('  make  known  the  discovery  of  tli,'  Nrw  World.  To 
tl.is  it  .nay  1...  rrpli..,!,  that  tl,r  I.vh.nd.rs  l,ad  no'  id,a  that  tliey  had  foun.l 
a  ^:''«-  World,  ami  <lid  not  appnriafthr  vaino  of  tlair<r..ooTaphical  know- 

-    '"    l""^''  'lial   <.'iidrid,  and  others  who 
11 


82 


PHI'M'OMMHIAN  DISCOVKHV 


Siiorre's  estate,  ami  iie  had  built  a  clmrcli  at  Glaniba". 
Afterwards  Giidrid  became  a  nun,  and  lived  a  lierniifs 
life,  and  did  so  as  lont;  as  she  lived.'  Hnorre  liad  a  son 
called  Tliori^"ir,  who  was  father  to  Uishoji  Urand's  mother, 
Iiii^veld.  The  daughter  of  Snorre  Ivarlsefnesson  "was 
called  Ilalfrid.  She  was  niotlier  of  liunolf,  the  father  of 
Bishop  Thorlak.  Karlsefne  and  (Judrid  also  had  a  son 
called  Biorn.  He  was  father  of  Thoruna,  tlie  mother  of 
Bishop  Biijrn.  Afany  people  are  descended  from  Xarl- 
fsefne,  ami  'us  kin  have  been  '-ickv  ;  and  Karlsefno  lias 
given  the  ii  irticular  accounts  of  all  thesi'  travels,  of 

which  somotiiiiij  's  here  related. 


went  to  Kiii'o]>i'  iit  this  period,  did  nut  make  known  tlic  Icelandic  disco- 
veries. At  tliat  time  no  interest  was  taken  in  sncli  siilijects,  and  tlieret'ore 
we  have  no  i'i<iht  to  expef't  to  lind  tiuu'esof  discussion  in  relation  to  wliat, 
aiiion<r  a  verv  small  class,  wouhl  he  re<;'arded.  at  thehest,  as  acui'ioiis  story. 
See  note  on  .\dam  of  Hrenien  in  the  (Jeiieral   Introduction. 

'  It  will  he  renieinhered  that  all  this  was  t'oretohl  hy  her  former  hushand, 
'I'horstein  Kricson,  when  he  n'turned  to  life  in  the  house  of  Thorstein 
Hlack,  in  (ireeiiland  ;  from  which  we  must  infer  tlui*  the  voyaye  of  Thor- 
stein Firicson  was  comiMised  after,  or  durinjj:.  the  second  widowhood  of 
(iudri<l,  and  that  the  circumstance  of  Thorstein's  |iro|ihecy,  was.  in  accord- 
ance with  tlie  spirit  of  the  afje,  imajiined  in  order  to  meet  the  circuni- 
stances  of  the  case.     8ee  p.  40. 


MliYOK   NARRATIVES. 


>7t 


■' 


h : 


MINOR    NAllHATIVES. 


1.  ARE  MAHSOA^  IN  HVITkAMANNA-LAXl). 

Tills   iiarrativo   is   from    tlio   Lnmhmma-hok,   No     107 
Fol.o;  colhited  with  TIa.ilvsl>ok,  Molabok  a.ul  otiier  nuiMU- 
scnpts,  111  the  Armc-Magwmn  Colloetioii. 
_    It  has  frcqiieiitly  been  observed  that  the  Lmulnnma-hoh- 
isot  the  highest  autlioritj;  yet  we  must  renieiuber  that  it 
only  proves  the  fact,  that  Rain,  the  i.inurlek  merchant 
conveyed  the  narrative  to  Iceland  from  Jrehmd,  where  the' 
circumstances  were  well  known.     The  Landncuaa-hok,  while 
It  gives  a  tacit  approval  of  the  statements  of  the  narrative 
docs  not  enter  upon  the   question  of  the  locality  of  the' 
place  to  which    Are  Marson    went.     Theretbiv    ivhile  we 
accept  the  narrative  as  genuine  history,  we  should  ex-er- 
cise   due   caution  in  determiuing  the   locality  of  Ilvitra- 
manna-land.     iST^thing   i,   to   be  gained  bv  making  any 
forced  deductions   from   the  narrative ;    especially  as  the 

pre-Columbian  discovery  of  America  is  abundantly  proved 
without  the  aid  of  this,  or  any  othei-  „J'  the  MinJr  Narra- 
tives. 


Ult  the  S-piinter,  son  of  Hogni  ll.e  White,  took  the 
whole  of  Reikianess  between  TliorkaHord  and  Jfafrafell- 
he  married  Bibrg,  <laughter  of  H^yvind  the  I'^astman  '  sister 


'I'llill    ir-    A   Niir 


".•Lllilll, 


K— 


nil 


yi;  I'll  K  (•(»!. I  .MIUAN    l>IS(»»VKI{V  (»!•' 

to  llili^i'  tliu  liOiiii.  Tlicy  li;i<l  ii  soil  iiiiiiu'd  Atli  tlic  lifil, 
who  inarr'u'd  TliorUiorii',  sister  of  St(.iiioU"  llie  Ilunilik". 
Tl It'll"  sou  was  ikuikmI  Mai- of  Ifolmii,  wlio  iniirrietl  Tlior- 
katla,  (lanu'litcr  of  HiTt^i!  Xcprass,  81k'  had  a  sou  naiiu'd 
Ari'.  who  [A.  |).  '.'-■'^.]  was  (h-iwii  liy  a  storm  to  AVliite- 
laaiis  hmd,'  wliiih  some  call  Iivland  the  (Jreat,  which  lies 

'  J/rtl  riiiiiii/iiiii /null,  it  will  lie  iTiiiiiiilirii'il  llmt  ill  liic  Siij^n  nt  'I'liur- 
liim  Kiirls  ■t'lK'  (|i.  (i:>l,  liiis  ImikI  whs  nt'i'iicil  Id  liv  llir  unlives  wlioin  lie 
tdiik  inisoncrs.  'I'licy  (Icscrilicil  it  as  a  land  iiilialiilid  by  u  iMMi|i|r  wIid 
wol'i'  wllilc  clutlics.  cari'iril  imli'S  lirt'nic  tlli'lll,  and  slicilltcd.  Yet  till'  Sajill 
wi-iti'i'  lliciT  says  im  nunr  lliaii  tlial  tlir  |icn]ilc  ^///((/.'  that  this  was  the 
|ilai('  known  as  irclaiid  tlic  (Jrciit.  Wliut  tin'  SUi'allinns  say  diicH  not 
identify  it  willi  the  land  of  Arc  Marsoii.  Yet.  in  order  to  allow  I'l'otessor 
Itafn,  who  held  that  this  country  was  America,  ilie  full  lienetit  of  liis 
theory,  we  jiive  the  followiiin-  extract  from  Wafer's  \'<ii/ii;/i ,  whicli  shows 
that  in  the  year  KiSl,  when  he  visited  the  Isthmus  of  Harien,  there  weic 
lieople  aiiioiiy  the  natives  who  answered  tolerably  well  to  the  (K'S('ri]itioii 
ei veil  in  Ivarlsefiie's  narrative.     Wafer  says:    " 'I'liey  ari' white,  and  there 

are  tlli'lll  of  liotll  sexes  ;    yet   there  Were  few  of  t  llelll    ill    ('omiiarison  of  the 

co|)|ier  colored,  iiessilily  luit  one,  to  two  or  three  hundred,  'i'liey  dillir 
Iroiii  the  other  Indians,  chielly  in  respect  of  color,  tlioneh  not  in  thai  only. 
'I'lieir  skins  ai'e  not  of  sih'Ii  a  while,  as  tlioseof  fair  people  anioiie-  I'luro 
pcaiis.  wiih  some  linciiire  of  a  liliisli  or  sanenjne  complexion  ;  neither  is 
llieir  coiiiplexioii  like  that  of  onr  paler  people,  lint  'tis  ratlier  a  .Milk 
white,  lijihier  than  the  lolor  of  any   I''.nropeans.  and  miicli   like  that  of  a 

white  horse 'I'lieir  liodies  are  heset  all  over,  more  or  less,  witli  a  line, 

short,  milk-white  ilowii 'i'lie  men  wcniid  prolialily  liave  white  bristles 

for  beards,  ilid  tliey  not   ])revent    them  by  their  custom  of   pluckin;^  tlie 

youiicr  lieard  uji  by  tiie  roots 'I'lieir  eyebrows  are  milk-wiiite  al.so,  and 

so  is  the  liair  of  their  lieads."     p.  1(17. 

lie  also  adds,  that  " 'i'lie  men  liave  a  value  for  Cloaths,  and  if  any  of 
tlieiii  had  an  old  shirt  eiveii  him  by  any  of  us.  he  would  be  sure  to  wear 
it,  and  strut  about  at  no  ordinary  rate.  Hesides  this,  they  liave  a  sort  of 
lone-  cotton  e-arnieiits  of  their  own.  some  white,  and  others  of  u  riistv 
black,  shaped  like  our  carter's  frocks,  iianeinii'  down  to  their  lieeis.  with  a 
friue'e  of  the  same  of  cotton,  about  a  sjiaii  loujr,  and  sliort.  wide,  oiieii 
sleeves,  reaching;  but  to  the  iiiiihile  of  liieir  anils.  .  .  .  They  are  Worn  mi 
some  fTfeat  occasions.  .  .  .  W'lieii  they  are  as.sembled,  they  will  sometimes 
walk  alioiit  tile  place  or  plantation  where  they  are.  wiili  these,  their  robes 
"11       Ami   one.'  1   >aw  'I'ac.iiia    i  liii>  ualkiii;^    u  il  li  I  wo  m  I  liree   luindri'd  oj 


AMKI.'ICA    liV  'IIIK  NOK'TII.MKN. 


87 


ill  tlu"  Western  ocean  opposite  Vinlaiid,  six'  ,hivs  sail  west 
of  fivlaiHl.  Aiv  was  not  allowed  to  u,,  awav,  an.l  was 
biipd/.'.Ptlieiv.     Tliis  wan  lirst  toM  hy   liaC,,;  ,1...   Mni,.- 

tlirs,.  Mtlrn.lin-  Imn.  :,s  if  1„.  wms  Mnistrrin-  ,1,,,,,  ^..,1  I  ,„„k  nntin.  ,1,,,, 
tlins,.  „,  ,1„.  l,la,.k   „,„,,„  ,,,,||;,,i   ,„,,.,„,„    ,,,,,,    ,^^,^,    ^,^^    ^^1^.^^    ^^^.^^    1^.^^^ 

'•'wli  I'uvino-  ,l„.i,.  huMvs  of  ,|„.  SMMU.  ,•■.1,.,-  with  tlicir  ,.„l„.s  "  |5,„  „,.,- 
w,fl>stan.li„o.  ,l,..s,.  n.s,.„,l,laMn.s,  historians  will  asi<  |„r  n,„n-  s„li,l  ,,n„.tuf 
thr  i(h>iitity  cifthc  twn  |m'.,|)|,.. 

MVotrssMf  Main  in,  wl,at  s.rn.s  f.  tl„.  anthnr.  his    .H.ss  ansirtv  to 

I:n  tUr  iorality  of  th.  Whit,,  nian's  huwl   in  Anirfi,,,.  savs  that,  as  this  par, 

"'  "'"  ""^""-'•'■i|"  i-  <limnMt  to  .Irriphrr,  t ,rioi„al  hltrrs  n.n,  hav-   „■„, 

Hianj.-,..!.  an,l  vi  insert-,!  inst.a,!  of  xx,  „r  si,  w],i,-h   nu rals  u„ul,l  alW.I 

"""■  '"'■   ""■  ^■"•^'''^•'■•'  '"  '■'•■"•''    '!"■  '-"'-t  -r   Ain.ri.a.    in    tl„.    vlHnitv  of 
nnnda,     Sn>itl,  in  his  />/„/„^,„..  |,as  .v-n  ;,on,.  so  ,ar  as  .o  ../,^,,,.;  ,|,„ 
M-,n  .rr  altoyvthrr.  an,l  suhsiitut.s,  ■■  by  a  nu.nl.rr  of  ,lavs  sail  nnknow,,  " 
'1  Ills  IS  simply  triflinn.  with  thr  suhj.rt.     In  <;, .■:>,/,>„>>:  I/i.forU;    Muni,  v 
v,.,rhr,:  ,-hi,.|!y  thr  work  .\-  Finn  .Ma^miissrn,  no.,,„.s,ion  is  rais,..i  oi,  this 

' '■     '""■    "=^'''""^  ^■'■'•^'""^  "II  «iv  tl..'   nninhrr  six,  whiH,  limits  ,|„. 

voyaov  to  tl„.  virini.y  of  tlm  A/.oivs.     SHi-ininn-,  ,„  whom  w..  aiv  so  lan.lv 

""''■l'""l  >">•  tho  hr.st  ...litionof  Ilrimskrinu-la,  hivstlir  S.V ,r   M.,r.o„"s 

"'Iv'Mitnivat  thos,.  islaiHls.  an,l    sn^vsts  that  thry  nmv  at   that   li havo 

.•ov,.n.,i  a  larnvr  .xtrnt  of  territory  than  tli..  p.vs.nt,  ai„l  that  th.v  mav  havr 
snrt..|v,l  from  ..artlapiakrs  an.l  tioo.ls.  a.hlin-  ■•  i,  is  lik-iv,  ai.rall  ,i,v„m 
slan-Tsshow,  that  lh..,sai.liMn,ll,asl„...napi,..vof  North  Am.rira-    Thi.i... 

I^'.IM,  thon^rlH.o,  v..,T  nnivas.nal.l,.  hypothrsis,  osprWall  V  as  ,1,,.  voh-anir  ,.ha- 
i'a<-trrol  thr  isla.als  is  w.ll  known.     I,,   lS()S,a  vol,,,,,,.  ,-o,s,.  toth.  l„.in-ht  of 
•!•••"<»  f'vt,     V,.t  S-'ln-inino-'s  s„.r„vsti,„,  is  not   mvik.!.     Th,.  la,i   that   tl„. 
islan.is  wviv  not  inhal.itr,!  w]„.n  ,lisn,v,.,.,.,l   l,v  th.  I'or,  „„„,.s;.  ,lo.s  ,„,, 
ln.w..v,.r.s,.itl,.  anything  a-ainst  S.'honin^,  l„ra„s..  i„   thr,.„nrs,.  of  tivv 

'"""'•■'■''  >''"'''^-  ""■  I"" '"iu-l.f  ■■ith.r  hav,.  niin-,,,,,.,!,  .,r  I „  sw..p,  awav 

I'.v  l-stil,.,,,.,..      (!rr,nhn„r,s  Ji;.t.,rU-,    .i//.,/,.s.,„„,/„,..  ,vol.    ,    p    l.-,,h    ..n-s 
simply,  that  -  It  is  tl,.,,,,,,,,  ,|,„  |„,  ,.^,..  M,,,.,,,,,  .,,.1,.,!  his, lavs  in    \„„.,.i,', 

-'!■  =.t  all  ..v,.ms  in  on<.  of, h,.la,.uvr  islan.is  of  11,,.  wvst.     S, ..hinkthai  i, 

v.iis  ,i,ii'  ot  thr  .\-/.,i,'i'  islan.is." 

-rh..|a..,  that  Ar..Ma,son  is  sai.l  to  hav  l,....„  l„p,i„.,,  ,„  i,,,,,,,,,,  ,,„. 
<"VMr..hM.s  not  p,v,v..  ,l,a,  ,h.  ph,...,  wl„.,.,.v..r  lo.-a„.,|.  was  inhal,it,..|  l.v 
ii  ••..l.n.y  .,t  l,.ish  Chi'istians.  V.-t  this  vi,.w  was  nrnv.l  l,v  |>,.ot.ss„r  |{.,ii, 
•yi'l    "'iMTs,  who  h.'l.l    ,l,at    (ir,.at    livlan.l    was    sit„a„.,i    in    F|„ri,|„       \ 

Sl,awai,.s,.//v^.////„„   is  M-iv.'n   i.,  pivuv  that    Kh.ri.la    was  ,,,rlv   s,.,,l ,. 

whit,.  ,,„.„  f,.om..v..r,h..s,.a.     WV  ....a,!  that  in  |S|s,   •  ,h,.  Sha  wan-s,.  w..,v 
.■stal.lish..,l  in  Ohio.   wl,i,h..r  th-y  .-am,,  from   Fl..,.i,la.     Ula.^k   llo.,f   ,!„.„ 


88 


l'l{Kl'ul,r.MIUAN   IHSCoVKUV  (»r 


rick  ti'iulcr,  wlio  lived  for  a  lf)ii<;  time  in  Irclaiid.  So  also 
Tlioikcl,  sDii  of  (ifllcr,  tells  that  ccrtinii  Icclaiulcrs  said, 
who  hoard  'I'liorliim,  Karl  (»!' the  Orkneys,  say,  that  An; 
liiid  Iteen  seen  and  known  in  White-man's  land,  and  that, 
thouijh  not  allowed  to  leave,  lie  was  held  in  nnieh  honor. 
Are  had  a  wife  named  Tliorueir,dan_<r]iter  of  Alt' of  Dohim. 
Their  sons  wore  Thor^ils,  (Jndleif  and  Illnn'e,  which  is 
the  family  of  lleikianess.  Jorund  was  the  son  of  Ulf  the 
So. inter.  He  married  Tliorhiorii;  Knarrahrinifa.  They 
lia  '  a  danijhter,  Thorhild,  wliom  Mric  the  lie(l  married. 
They  had  a  son,  Leif  the  Fortunateof  (Jreenlaml.  Jorund 
was  the  name  of  the  son  of  Atli  the  Ued;  he  married 
Thordis,  dauiihter  of  Thor<i;eir  tSu(hi ;  their  (hiiiiu'liter  was 
Thorkatia,  who  married  Thorgils  KoUson.  Jorund  was  also 
the  father  of  Snorre.' 


cijflitv-livi' years  (lid,  wits  horn  tlicic,  iiiul  rcinciulici-cd  Imtliinir  in  llic  scu. 
He  told  tlic  Iiidiaii  A^i'iit.  tliat  tlic  |i('(i|il('  of  Ids  tvilir  liad  a  traditinn.  tliat 
tlicir  aiiccstdi's  ciiiiic  over  tlic  sea,  ami  that  turn  lnii<r  tiiiif  tlicy  U('|it  a 
yearly  Haeritice  t'ur  tlieir  safe  arrival." — Airhdiihiiiiu  Aiiirririiiin.  vul.  I,  p. 
27;?.  ^ ft  lliese  llldiiuis,  the  su|i|i(ise<l  deseelidiilits  nt'  eluilielitly  l)iuils 
''liristiims  IViiiii  Ireland,  were  liitterly  opiicised  tu  CliiistiiiMity,  and  had  iii> 
Cliristiaii  traditiuns.  '{"his  view  re(|iiires  altcpyetlier  too  iiiucli  creilidity.  Is 
it  iiDt  more  reasKuahle,  esiiecially  in  view  i>t'  the  fact  that  this  iiarriitive  is 
iKPt  needed  in  (lemonstriitincf  the  |)re-( 'oliinihiaii  discDVery  uf  America  —  to 
seek  for  the  \N'hite-man's  land  in  some  island  of  the  Atlantic;  for  if  we 
were  to  allow  that  six,  should  mean  eleven  or  twenty  days  sail,  we  should 
not  he  much  better  off,  since  there  is  so  miicji  ditliciilty  in  tindiny  the  whlto 
men  for  the  land  in  (|uestion. 

'It  will  ap])ear  from  this  yeiiealoyical  account,  that  Are  Marsoii  was  no 
oliscure  or  mythological  character.  In  !ISl  he  was  one  of  the  iirinci])r.l 
men  of  Iceliind,  ami  is  hijihly  siiokeii  of.  Yet  his  connection  with  Ireland 
tlie  (ireat,  though  uiidouiitedly  real,  hardly  pruns.  what  may  iievei'theless 
he  true  —  a  |ireScandiniiviaii  discovery  ot  America  liy  the  Irish.  This,  not 
imiiroliahli'  view,  demands  clearer  proof,  and  will  repay  investieutioii. 
The  other  characters  llleliliolied  are  e(|lially  well  known.  See  An/ii/ni- 
hdis  AiiK  rii'diKi'.  pp. '^ll-l'i. 


Ill 


A.MKIiiCA   15V  Till-;  Ndinil.MKN. 


89 


ir.  f5ir)i{\  Asi'.uAXDsox. 

This  iiiHTiitivc  is  U\kvu  In.m  Kvrhvi,^n-ii,  Sa-'ii,  wliidi 
contains  tl,,.  ,.Hv  liistci-y  ..f  (Imf  part  (.f  Ici'laiid  Jvin-- 
"'•oiMi.l  Sn.Hl-lls,  ..„  tli..  Nvst  <.„ast.  Tlu-  Sa-a  is  ii„t"..r  a 
later  <latc  than  the  tliirtcrnth  (a'ntnry.  It  is  u-iv,.|i  here,  not 
'•«'<'itnse  it  applies  hiri-viy  to  the  .pu'stioi,  under  consi.h.ra- 
tion,  the  pre-C.hinil.ian  .liseovery  <>f  America,  hnt  rath<-r 
h^'eause  it  will  make  the  reader  lully  ae.jnainte.l  with  the 
hero,  who  afterwards  appears. 


Mork  the  Fat,  and  Thordis,  .hniuhter  .)f  Sur,  had  a, 
dau<rhter  named  Thnrid,  wlio  married  Thorl)ii)rn  the  Fat, 
livin,.;'  on  the  estate  of  Fnxhi.  He  was  a  son  of  Orne  the 
Lean,  wlio  hehl  and  tilled  the  farm  of  Froda.  Thorhii'-rn 
had  heforc  heen  married  to  Thnrid,  «lan,--hter  of  Ashrand, 
of  Kami),  in  IJreidavik,  and  sister  of  UiJ-.m  i'.reidavikinu- 
the  Atldete,  soon  to  he  moidioned  in  this  Saya,  and  oi' 
vXrid.iiirn  the  J[andy.  The  sonsof  Tiiorhiiirn  and  Thnrid, 
were  ICetil  the  ('hampion,  (innidano-  and  llalistein. 

Xow  this  must  lie  related  of  Snorre  the  I'riest,'  that  he 
undertook  tlie  suit  for  the  slayinii;  of  Thorhiiu-n,  iiis  kins- 
man, lie  also  caused  his  sister  to  remove  to  his  i.wn 
homo,  at  Helgefell,  lieeause  it  was  report.'d  that  IJiJii'n 
Ashrand,  of  Kand),  had  come  to  ])ay  her  improper  atten- 
tion. 


'Vrivst  or  n,>(h\  Tliis  wns  tllc  linillirll  |.iirst  (,r  IcclaiKJ.  \vli,,s,.  ,luiv 
was  to  i>n)vi(lc  tlir  tciiiplc  (itliTiiius.  lor  wliidi  piirposr  a  .-(iin  lilmii,,,,  w.-is 
iiiiulc  l.y  rvcry  funii  in  tlic  vi.'iniiv.  ri,is  otli.v  was  also  uiiiiiMl  wiil, 
tluil  of  clii.'f,  jii.ljri',  iuid  advocate,  ami  Un-  tin-  rases  eoiKliieted  l,v  lii,,, 
at  tlie  Tlliliu-,  he  nreiwd  tlie  .-list. Hilary  fees;  yet  li,'  was  oMievd  to 
depend  for  Ins  sii|.|iort,  mainly  upon  llie  products  of  his  tiirin.  'I'lie  otli<>e 
was  hereditary,  but  couhl   lie  sold,  assiened,  or  forfeited. 

12 


IMI 


iMd'ciii.i  Mill  w  iMscttv  i:in  oi' 


'riiffc  wii-  ;i  iiiiiii  iiiiiiii'il  'riiMioilil,  i,\'  McdiiU'clls  Slr;Mii|, 
Mil     ll|)riL;lll      lllllll     :illil     il      L^ I      lliri  rliillll .         lie     nWlii'il    II 

liinlin<4'  vr>s(l  ill  wlmli  lir  -miIciI  Id  disijiiil  ImihIm.  'I'liit- 
I'dtld  Ii:ii|  .:iilri|  in  tlir  \\('.|,'  III  hnliliii,  iin  ji  ti'iiiliiiu,' 
\ti\;iuc.  Al  IIimI  liliif,  Sij^iiitl  '  I  ll(ti|\  t'iMili,  l'',;iil  nl  llir 
Orkiii'vs.  Ii;iil  iiiiiilc  iiii  r\|>t'ililitiii  liiUiinU  IIm-  wcsI,  Ii>  IIm' 
llrliriilt's    mill    llir    M:in.    Mini    liMil    ImhI    m    liiliiitr    ii|ii)ii 

llli'  llMl»itMl>lt'  I'Mll  ol'  MmII.  llM\illL:'  scllli'd  llic  jil'Mri',  llf 
jell  nil  II  III  rolli'i'l  llir  tiiluiti'  :  llic  t'MI'l  liilil^i'll  rrllll'lH'd  Id 
iIh'  (  )|kin'vs.  'I'liiisf  wliii  WfIT  It'll  In  ciillcrl  I  llf  I  rilililc, 
U'nl  mII  I'i'iulv  Mild  -^I'l  sm'iI  Willi  M  snlllllWrst  Ullld.  r>lll 
Milrl'  tlli'N  llMil  -^Mllcd  snlllC  time,  lo  llir  si  Mil  llt'MSl  Mild  I'Msl, 
M  UI'i'MI  sIki'III  Miosr,  wliirli  di'iivr  lliilii  In  llir  inntli- 
WMIll     MS     I'll'     ;|s     Ili'lMIld,    Mild     lliril'      VCSSI'I     WMS    I'Msl      MWilV 

nil  M  i>Mri'('ii,  iiniiiliMiiili'd  ishiiid.  .Iiisl  msIIicv  icMciicd  IIm> 
ishllld.  'riiiuodd  till'  IcrlMlidcr  cMllic  Siiililii;'  l»y  ll'nlll 
hiililiii.  Till'  sliijiw  rccki'd  iiu'ii  l»i'ut:i'<l  l'<>i'  m'kI.  'I'Iio- 
\\u\{\  |iiil  out  M  lii'Ml  Mild  Wi'lil  lo  tlii'lii  hillisi'ir.  W'licii  lie 
rcMclu'd  tlii'iii,  llic  Ms^t'iils  of  Siunrd  |iroinist'd  liiin  inoiu'y 
if  111'  would  cMirv  IIh'Iii  lo  llu'ir  lioiiic  in  llic  Orkneys. 
When  lie  lold  llu'in  iIimI  lie  eonld  l»v  no  nicMiis  do  so,  ms 
lie  liMil  niMile  m11  rcMilv  to  no  l»Mek  to  Irchind,  tlicv  lici^n'cd 
the  liMnlei'.  l>elie\  iiiii'  tliMt  neither  their  money  nor  Iheir 
liberlv  would  lie  smIc  in  Irehind  ortln'  !  iehrides,  whitlicr 
thev  liMil  jiist  Itclorc  biH-n  with  n  hostile  Mrniv.  Al  Iciiu'th 
Thorodil  cMine  lo  this.  iIimI  ho  would  si'll  iheiii  his  >hiirs 
liMii:' lioMt  lor  M  iMi'i:*'  sum  ol'  the  triliiile  inoiiev  ;  in  this 
tlie_\  rcMehed  the  ( )rkne_vs.  Mild  'I'liorodd  sMiled  to  leelMiid 
without  M  ho;!'.  llMviiiii,'  rcMched  the  soulliei'ii  shori's  ol" 
the  islMiid.  hi'  hiid  his  course  Mloiiii'  the  eoMst  to  tlu'  west- 
wMrd.    Mild  cntcri'il    HreidMliord.  mikI    cMUie  \o  the  luirlior 


'  It  \\!>s  Wi'St  Willi  ri'i;;\lil  In  Niiwny.  llir  |n'ii|ilr  lirillji- ai'Cllstdlllrii  In  lisi' 
ihis  i'\)>i'i'ssi(in. 

■  Killrii  in  livl:inil  in  :>  hiitllr.  KU:!. 


AMKI.'M    \    ID     I  III,   \M|M  IIMKS 


01 


'I'llM 


"'  "•'^'"•'I'l'- '-     TliK  siiiii.'  iiiiiiiini,  i.r  will  :..  I|..|...-..|;.|| 

'"  -^l""'!    Ill"  uii,i,|.  Willi    S.M.nv    11...    |',.i„.,,.    .,,,,1   ,■,,,„„ 

•''•"  """•  '"•  "''^  '•'ll"'l  'I'Im.i-...|.|  II, .•  Till. lit,.  'I'lkrl-. 
'''•''^  '""'^  I'l'"''  i"  '  •il'i'i'  iIm'  iiiiin|..r  ,,r  'riH,il,i.,,n  ll,r 
Kill.      Diiril.o-  III.,  sjunr  Willi. .|-.  'I'l.iiri.l,  t|„.  si~|..r,,rSiM.in. 

•'"•  ''""^''  ^^ii"  ''•"'  '"•'"  111"  wir..  ,,r  'n,..,i,i,,in  n,,.  vm, 

Wjim;,|  ||,.|!,rH,.||.  Tl.,.n.,|.|  unulv  |.r..|...-;,|.  ..f  ,„;i,.ni,..r,.  |,', 
Nii'.m.  II...  |'ii,..|,  Willi  r,.-,|M.,.|  I,,  'n,Mii.|.  |!,.in._r  ri,.],, 
iiii.l  l<i...uii  l.\  Si..,in.  t.,  I„.  ,,r  .j-,„.,|  r..|,iil..,  iiii.l  Ili;il  |,„ 
W..11I.I  1...  IIS,. Jul  ill  .ii|.|,.,|.|i„ir  his  i,.|,i,i„i.||.;,ii,,n  ..r  jilliiirs, 
•'-•  '•,,i,s,.„|,.,|.  'ni..|.,.|i„.,.  11,,.),.  nmrri;,-,.  w;..  .■,.|,.|,|.;,|,.,| 
'Inriii-  lliis  Willi, .r,  III  SiHTr,.',.  Immi  ,.,  ;,l  I  |..|-..H.||.  |„  ||,.. 
I"ll"wii.,-  s|.|.i„^.,  'n„„.,„|,|  ,,,,  |,ii„„.|r  „,,?,,  K,,„|„,  ;,,mI 
\v;i-  il.,.ii-lil  ;ii,    ii|,|.in.|,t    ,„;,,i.      |:,||  wl...|i  TImii.l    W,.|||  I,, 

l''r«',|;|,    |!i,,,.,|    ,\sl,|.;|,„|.,,l.   ,,ri,.||     ,,;ii,|    I,..,,  visits,  uii.j    il    w;m 

'"'"" 'y   •■'•|M.i-|,.,|   ilul    II,.   |,;i,|   ,.,,|.n,|,t.  ,|    I,,.,.    ,.|,;i,tilv. 

'rii«.r,M|.|   vjiiiily   IriiMl    (,,  ,,iii   mi   <.|i,|   1,,   t|„.s,.   visit..      At 
tli;il   liiiH.  'rii..|.,M|,|  \V,mm|,.|,   <'l...i,r  livci  ;iI  Ariiiiliviil.      ||is 

•MOIIS,    ()|-,|     1111,1     \';||     W.T.-    III.. II      trn.wil      :Ml(|    _V..I|tl|S    of   ill. • 

,ii-iv;il,.sl  i.n.iiiis...      'I'll..  III.. II  l.l:iiii..,|  '|'I,M|.,.,|.|    i;,|.  :i||,,witii,- 

l'illis..|r    (.,    1...    insult..,!    s,.    -|...;i||y    |,y     jJir,,.,,,    ,,„,|    ,,l]\.y,^l 

liiiii  lli..iri,i.l,  if  ({(.sir...!,  I,,  ..|,<i  his  ....ininu-.  j,  ,.h;,,i,.,.,| 
""''  liiiK-  wli-.n  IJiiin,  ..jiiii,.  I,,  K,.,„|„,  (hi,t  |„.  sat  with 
'I'liiin.l  li.lkiii,i(.  Il  was  'rin.i.Ml.rs  .-usKHii  wli.-.i  |;ir,ni 
Wits  tli.'iv  I.)  sit  ill  th.-  lions...  ISiit  1...  was  now  n.,\vh,.|.„ 
<"l'<'s....|i.  Tli..n  Tlii.ri.l  sai.l,  -  Tal<..  .aiv,  I5i.,ni,  lor  I 
H'ar 'rii.ir.MJ.I  m.-aiis  t,)  |,iii  ;,  sto|.  t..  voiir  visits  li..|v  ;  I 
lliiiik  he  has  s....|||....|  th,.  r..a<l,  aii-l  in..an>  I,,  alta.-k  voii, 
Jiii.l  ov('r|.o\v(M'  y..i!  will.  iiii..,|iial  miuiiIm'I.s/'  llioni  iv- 
plii'il,  "  'IMiat  is  possihl..,""  ami  then  saip--  Ih.'s.;  v(j|.s..s: 


O  (iu,i(l,.>s  I   wli.im  l.ra,.|;l,;l,  ji.Idiiis, 
'I'liis  (JMv  I  I  linn,.,- 


'  Mlri-ally,  n-n„nn,.  will,   rrrrr.-urr  to  J.-ini,  il„.  Kaiil,,  nw  .,|   tlir  uiv,-<  uf 
Oiliii.  iiiKJ  ills,,  niMllirr  ..r  'riinr. 


92  lM{i:('()l,rM!?IAN    DISCOVKItV  OF 

III  my  Jii'luvod's  arms) 

Slav  lum^cst  in  llic  lii'iivt'iis, 

As  we  lidlli  must  wisli ; 

l'"ni'  1  tliis  iiiulit  Mill  drawn 

To  drink  iiiyseit' tlio  jiaicntals  ' 

( )l'  my  ni't-dt'iiartiiiLi-  juys. 

Ihiviii'j,'  <l(»iu'  this,  l»i(n'ii  t(V)k  his  w('!i[»()iis,  imc]  went  to 
return  homo.  As  hr  went  Uji  tht'  hill  I  )'.i>-ramiihi,  live 
iiu'ii  _")Uiii|H'(l  out  u|ioii  him  iVoiii  thfii' liithn^"  jihici'.  Tlicsf 
were  'I'lioroihl  :nr,i  two  ol'liis  men,  luul  the  sons  ot"IMiiii'or 
Wooden  Cloii".  They  nttaekeil  l>iorn,  hut  he  (K'iended 
liimself  hruvely  siud  well.  The  sons  (d'  Thoror  pressed 
liim  sliarfily,  l»ut  lie  sk'W  them  hoth.  Tlioi'odd  then  Hed 
witli  Ids  men,  tliough  lie  himsell'  had  only  a  siin;ht  wo.und, 
and  the  others  not  any.  Biiirn  went  on  until  lu'  reached 
hoiii".  and  entered  ihe  house.  Tiie  lady  o\'  the  house - 
ordered  a  maid  to  jdaee  food  hetoiH^  him.  Wlu'ii  the 
maid  came  into  the  room  with  the  liii'ht,  and  saw  l>i(>rn 
woumled,  she  went  and  told  ,\sl)rand  his  lather,  that 
]-5iorn  hud  returned,  covered  v.ith  lilood,  Ashrand  came 
into  the  room,  and  in(|iiired  what  was  tlu'  cause  (d'  his 
wounds.  He  said,  "  ll;!\'e  you  and  Thorodd  had  a  Hii'ht !  "' 
l>i('»i'n  rcjdied  that  it  was  so.  .Vshrand  asked  how  tlie 
atlliir  ended,      lioirii  replii'd  with  these  veises ; 

Xcit  so  easy  ai;ainst  a  Kravc  man 
It  is  til  li,i;lit  ; 

(  Witddoil   Cldii's   two  SOIIh 

NdW  I  lia\('  slain). 

As  I'oi'  tlic  snip's  fiimmandcr, 

A  wmnaii  In  cmln'acc. 

( )r  lor  il.i'  ciiwardly. 

A  lioldt'ii  trilmtc  tn  Iniv. ' 


'  l''llll(  Til!  rii|is. 
■'  IVuhll  s  ii:o|lici'. 
'I'liis  is  a  tlinji'  nl  'i'liuriiiitl  liir  'I'.ihiiir  'I'aki' 


A.MKI.'ICA   MV  TiiK  N(>|{V||.M|.;.\. 


11:5 


Asl.fiind  hom,.!  uj.  I, is  son's  uomids,  iuid  liis  stivno-tli  wiis 
soon  ivstoivd.  Tliorodd  went  to  Snoriv  tlu«  l^'irst,  to 
talk  with  him  :i!)ont  si-ttni.;;  a  suit  on  foot  a-ainst  IJiorn, 
<"_'  arn.unt  of  thi'  killin-  ,,f  'rfioror's  sons.  This  suit  was 
li'i'l  in  the  rourt  of  Thorsnesthin-  It  was  setth-d  that 
Asbrand,  wiio  hc-anic  surety  for  Ids  son,  shouhl  pav  the 
usual  lines.  !{i,,"n  was  exiled  for  three  years,'  andwenr 
ahroa.l  the  same  summer.  Durin-  tliat  summer,  a  son 
AvaslMU'ii  to  Thurid,  wiio  was  ealled  Kiarten.  lie  uivw 
ui.  at^  JH.me,  in  Kroda,  and  early  ^'ave  n-,vat  hope'and 
l)romi><e. 

When  IJir.rn  crossed  the  sea  he  eanie  into  Dennuirk, 
and  went  tlienee  to  domsher-  At  that  time,  Palnatoki 
was^  eaptain  of  the  .!omsher-^  \-ikiu-s.  r.iurn  was 
admitted  into  the  erew,  and  won  the  name  of  the  Athlete. 
He  was  at  d(.m<heru-  wlien  Styrhiiirn  the  JIardy,  assaulti'd 
i^      lie  went  into  Sweden,   when  the  domsher-   X'ikino-s 


the 


=  Ti,issl,nws.  Iln.t   Whijr   i5i,>n    killr.l    Ih,.    nirn  in  srlf  drfrnsr,  il    UMs    ,! 
"pi'ii'iM  of  tl„.  .■-M.rt  llmt  hr  <li<l  i„.l  ovt  wliar  !„■  dcsrrv.d. 

Moi„sl„.rowas.l„.l„.a,l.|uan,.,.s.,ranunl,.rnr    ikii.us  ,„•  ,,i,,,„.s.  u  I,,.,', 
"  <'iisilr  WHS  also  huih   l,y   Kiiiu-    lian.M    HlMai.-ni,!,  .,f    |), 
sitiialnl   nil   nil,,  of  tl iilli'ts.iC  till'  (»<lc|-.  ,, 


• iifU.      11     was 

n   llir  I'liasl  III'  I'cnirraiiia,      || 


was  |,r„l,ahlv  i.lnitinil  willi  .lujiai,.  foi„ .1  |,v  ih,.  \V..|i,|s   ai„l  w,s  ,,..•„,.■ 

"'"•'■''    -  ""•  i-l^""l  "!■   WnlliM,    ul„-l,   .\,la f   Hivin,,,,  i„  , .l,.v,.|,H, 

.•.■nlury.,l..s,.ril„..las,l,..  lar^.s!  .in,!    s,    tl.,unsl,ii,o.  ,.,„„i,„.,..ia|   rU,   )„ 

'•-"'■"I"'.  HMnslaus,  kin.  .„■  ,|„.  W,.,„ls.  s,invn.l,.|v,|  ,li,.  n..i^lil,.,nn..- 
-'•m.<,ry  int.  ,ln.  Inuuls  .,r  I'alinitnki,  a  .-.va.  .Iii,.!- ..f  |.-i„nia  y.hn  .Z 
I'I.mI-.mI    to    liis   sn|,,,„iM.     .\,T„r,linu.|,v   |„.    |,„il,    a    sir„n.l,„|,|    |„,v    .,,,,1 

...•iiMni/...!  a   I..IMI  of  |.i|.at..s.  ,■„„.,„„„/,;  ,.a||,,i    vikings.   , |,    i,    ,„„.,    |„. 

ol.s,.fv..,i.  tlia,    wliil..  ..vi.ry   viki,,;,  was  a    ,,ira.,.,  ...rv   pii,,,,.    was  ,i„t   a 

vikuiu-.     Only  tlius,.  |.ira„.s  „r  ,,nn,vly  1,1 |.  „,,v  ,„.„,„,,.|v  ..ali,.,|  vikin.s 

or  sra^klll^s.      Tlir  .lonisvikinos  w,.,v  ,lislin-,iisl„.,|    !;„■  ,|,..i,.  ,,,,v  r,,,,,-,^,' 

"'"'  '"'•""■  ''■•"■''■^-'"■ss  witit  wlwrh  tlii.y  fa, ,|,.atl..     Tl„.v  w,., „v..ni^.,| 

i.v  stri,-,  'aws,  an,|  li,.,!^,.,|  ah„u,  by  ,.,„,  >v,|,.i|.,.|n,.nis,  a.i.l  w,.,vLs,.  ;,  i. 

'""'•  ''''■''-"''   ' '"""■>•     -'"Misl,,.:-^   was  ,l,.s,r„v,.,|   al ,    ,|„     v.-ir  M?", 

l.v\Niil.l,.n,ar,li,..;iva..„ll>,.nn,ark.ai,|..ll,y,l„.,,,i, s.,,,;,.;,, v  an,l 

tlH.kHi^„rMafl.am,ssa.     Tl,„s,   -  ,1,,.  pirat,.  wl„,  s,iniv..,|   ,.s,..i„.,|   „.  , 
'•'"'•'■■"""'■  "'•■  '""""'  '"'  ""•   l^ll-.   "I"'iv   a    Ic'w   v,.ars   ar„.r    ,l„.v   „,.,v 


1 


94 


I'HR-COU'MHIAN  DISCOVKHV  (»K 


aided  StvrMorn;'  lie  was  in  the  hjittle  of  Tviisvall,  in 
wliich  Styi'biorn  was  killed,  and  escaped  with  the  other 
Joms-vikin<jfs  in  the  woods.  While  I'alnatoki  lived,  IViorn 
remained  with  him,  (listingiiished  among  all,  as  ji  man  of 
remarkahle  couruift!. 

The  same  summer  [A.  D.  91)0.]  the  hrothers,  IJiorn  and 
Arnhiorn  returned  into  Iceland  to  ]^*'»nhavnsos.  BitM'n 
was  always  afterwards  called  the  Atiileto  of  Jireidavik. 
Arnhiorn,  who  had  ii^otten  much  wealth  ahroad  .Uirht  the 
Bakiva  estate  in  Rauidiavn,  the  same  sumnu'r.  He  lived 
there  with  little  show  or  ostentatio!i.  and  in  most  affairs 
was  silent,  hut  was,  nevertheless,  a  man  active  in  all 
tilings,  Biorn,  his  hrother,  after  his  return  from  ahroad, 
lived  in  s[»lendor  and  eleguiiCo,  fo;  during  his  ahsenee,  he 
had  truly  ado]»ted  the  maimers  of  courtiers.  ]Ie  much 
excelled  Arnl>iorn  in  personal  appearance,  and  was  none 
the  less  active  in  execution.  He  was  far  more  ex[iert  than 
his  brother  in  martial  exercises,  having  imi)roved  much 
ahroad.  The  same  summer  after  his  return,  there  was  a 
general  meeting  near  Ileadhrink,-  within  the  havof  Froda. 
All  the  merchants  rode  thither,  clothed  in  colored  gar- 
ments,  and    there    was    a    great    assen)bly.      Housewife 


tiTiiiiliiliitcd  by  tlif  Dimes,  who  in  llic  I'cijrii  of  Camitc  VI,  (•(iiiiiilcti'ly 
(li'Slroynl  their  Stnillji'linld.  A<'('i)imtS  of  llieir  iicllieveiuelits  llliiy  lie  I'dlllltl 
ill  ill  Siiya  of  Kiiijf  Olaf  'I'rvyevesMPii,  in  vol.  i.  of  Laiiiu-'s  /A ////-v/'/v ////'''. 
Tile  Ireliiuilers  sometimes  joined  the  Norwiiy  pifiites.  as  was  the  <'ase 
with  Mirini.  Imt  tlie.v  did  not  tit  ont  pirate  s!ii|is.  I'alnatoki  die<l  in  the 
year  !l!t:i. 

'  Slvrliiiirn.  son  of  Kiiiu'  Olaf,  rnled  Sweden  in  I'omieetion  with  Krie, 
called  the  Victorious.  Styihiorn's  ambiiion,  to  whicli  was  added  the 
crime  of  murder,  h'd  to  his  disyfrace.  He  'oiiii'd  the  vikines,  aildinji' sixty 
ships  to  thi'ir  force.  Ih' was  killed,  as  sta'ied,  in  i)H4.  in  a  Imttle  with  his 
uncle  near  I'psula. 

•Has, 'lit  says  in  descrihiny  the  coast:  "Now  we  near  the  stupendous 
crays  of  Iloldalirekka,  lleaillirink,  where  the  mountains  idmost  stride  into 
till'  main.  ' 


w 


AMEinCA  MV  TIIK  XOHTIIMKX. 


95 


Tluiri<l,  of  Froda,  was  tliero,  wit),  whom  Kun-n  l>oc.an  to 
talk;  ,..;  Olio  ceiisunng,  because  thej  expected  their  con- 
versation wouhl  be  long,  as  they  had  not  seen  each  other 
tor  a  great  wliile.     On  the  same  day  there  was  a  fight,  and 
one  of  the  XordentieUl  men  was  mortally  wounded,  an.l  was 
earned  down  under  a  bush  on  the  beach;  so  much  blood 
tiowed  out  of  the  wound,  that  tiiere  was  a  large  pool  of 
blood  in  the  l,ush.     The  boy  Kiarten,  Thurid  of  Fro(hi's 
son,  was  there  ;    he  had  a  little  axe  in  his  hand,  an.l  ran  to 
the  bush  and  dipped  the   axe  in    the  blood.     When  the 
bondensfield-s  men   rode   from    the   beach   south,    Thord 
Ji.g  askc.,1  Biorn  liow  the  conversation  betweeii  him  and 
rhnrul  oi-  FnKla,  ended.     Jiiorn    said    that   he  was  well 
satished.     Then    Thord    asked    if  he    had   seen    the   boy 
Tv.arten,  their  and   Thorodd's   son.     "  I   saw   him,"  said 
J^u.ni:    "What   is   .your  opinion  of  him  r*  asked  Thord. 
l>iorn  answered  with  the  following  song : 

"  T  saw  a  boy  run 
With  foarf'iil  eyes. 
The  woman's  unuw,  to 
Tho  wolf's  well  1  in  the  wood; 
People  will  say, 
That  his  true  father  [was] 
ITe  that  plouiihed  the  sea, 
This  the  hoy  does  not  know." 

Thord  said  :    "  What  will  Thorodd  say  when  he  hears  that 
the  boy  belongs  to  you  'r  "    Then  Hiorn  s.ni.-  .• 


'  Then  will  the  no'.lc  horn  wi»inan  [make] 
i'horodd's  suspicidii 
Come  trn(;,  when  she  yives  me 
The  same  kind  of  sons; 


Uctfrriny-  Id  tlic  dead  man's  IiIimrI. 


96  I'lflvCOFJMHIAN    DISCoVKin    (»F 

Always  the  slciidor. 
Sniiw-wliitc  WMiiiaii  loved  me, 
T  still  to  hor 
Am  a  lover." 

Tliord  said,  it  will  be  best  for  yon  not  to  iiavo  iiiiythiiiij!^ 
to  do  with  oiicli  other,  and  tliat  von  tnrn  vonr  thonirhts. 
"  It  is  certainly  a  good  idea,'"  said  Biorn,  "  but  it  is  far 
from  niv  intention  ;  thoui>-h  there  is  some  ditfeivnce  when 
T  liave  to  do  witli  sueh  men  as  lier  brother  Snorre." 
''You  must  take  nwc  of  your  own  business,"  said  Thord, 
and  that  ended  their  talk.  IJiorn  afterwards  went  home 
to  Kami),  and  took  the  atl^inrs  of  the  family  into  his  own 
hands,  for  his  I'atlier  was  now  dead.  The  following 
winter  lie  determined  to  make  a  journey  over  tlie  hills,  to 
Thurid.  Altliouii'h  Thorodd  disliked  tliis,  he  nevertheless 
saw  that  it  was  not  easy  to  prevent  its  occurrence,  since 
betbre  he  was  defeated  bv  him,  and  Bi()rn  was  much 
stronger,  and  more  skilled  in  arms  than  before.  There- 
fore lie  bribed  Thorgrim  (ialdrakin  to  raise  a  snow  storm 
against  Biorn  when  he  crossed  the  hills.  When  a  day 
came,  Biorn  made  a  Journey  to  Froda.  When  he  pro- 
posed to  return  home,  the  sky  was  dark  and  the  snow 
storm  began.  When  he  ascendi'd  the  hills,  the  cold 
became  intense,  and  the  snov  fell  so  thicklv  that  he  could 
not  see  his  wav.  Soon  the  strenu'th  of  the  storm  increased 
so  much  that  he  could  hardly  walk.  Ilis  clothes,  already- 
wet  throuo'h,  froze  around  his  body,  and  he  wandered,  ho 


course 


of  tl 


10   niir 


ht   1 


10 


did    not   know  where.     In    the 

readied  a  cave,  and  in  this  cold  house  he  passed  the  night. 

Then  Bi(»rn  suni>:: 

'•  Woinan  that  briiigcst 
A'estineiits.'  wonkt 


Not  like 


my 


Dwelliiiii'  ill  sueh  a  storm 


'In  Ii 


<l  til 


(■  WdiiM'ii  ai'.'  ai'i'ii 


stuiiii'il  t(i  Ipi'iii;:'  ti'iivrlcrs  dry  clutlirs. 


97 


AMERICA  HY  TIIK  XoUTII.MKN'. 

If  she  knew  tliat 
lie  who  Before  steereil  ships, 
Now  in  the  rock  Oiive 
Liiy  stiff  and  eold." 

•Again  he  sang: 

"  The  cohl  field  of  tlie  swans, 
From  the  oast  with  loaded  sliip  I  phin<,'ked, 
Because  the  woman  inspired  nie  witli  h»ve  ; 
I  know  tliat  I  have  great  trouble  suffered, 
And  now,  for  a  time,  the  hero  is. 
Not  in  a  woman's  bod.  but  in  a  eav-!." 

Bioni  stiijed  tl.reo  days  in  the  cave,  l)etbro  the  storm 
subsided;  and  on  the  fourth  day  lie  came  home  ironi  the 
niountain  to  Ivamb.  He  was  very  weary.  The  domestic 
asked  Iihn  wliere  lie  was  during  the  storm.     Biorn  sun-  • 

"  My  deeds  under 
Styrbiorn's  proud  banner  are  ki;'^wn. 
It  came  about  that  steel-clad  Kric 
81ow  men  in  battle; 
Now  I  on  the  wide  heath, 
Lost  my  way  [and]. 
Could  not  in  the  witch-strong 
Storm,  find  the  road."  ' 

IJiiirn  passed  the  rest  of  the  winter  at  home;  the  following 
spring  his  hrotlier  Arnbiorn  ti.ved  his  abode  in  Bakka  in 
liaunhafn,  but  JJiorn  live<l  at  Kamb,  and  had  a  grand 
iiouse * 

This  same  summer,  Thorodd  the  Tribute  Taker  invited 
Snorre  the  l>riest,  his  kin.snian,  to  a  feast  at  his  house  in 
J^rodii^  Snorre  went    tlierc    witii    twenty    men.      In    the 

'  All  of  t]u.s,.  v..rs,.s  an.  r^U-rm,-W nh.rnv.  ami  ..llipti..al,  though  tkrmon. 
>"t..  ,g,  .1..  totl,..,no.l,.,.n  ,.i,„|  ,h„.  tl...  nnnpositions  wl.id,  l,..lo„.r..,l  ,.. 
"  '^' '"'•  I"'-'"*'-     -^'l  ""■  "l-'  ■'""  '"•  I'vlan.l  i.nu.,i,v.l  ,l...,.on.p.>shion  of 


1)8 


IMMvCOLI.MIJIAN   DISCOVKWV  ()(<' 


course  ol'  tlio  toast,  Thorodd  told  Snorrc  liow  mncli  he 
was  hurt  imd  dis<;i'nced  liy  tlio  visits  of  Bi(')ni  Asbniiulsou, 
to  Tlmrid,  liis  wife,  Siioi'i-c's  sister,  sayiiii:;  tliat  it  was  rit^lit 
tor  Siiorri'  to  do  away  witli  tliis  seaiidal.  Siiorre  after 
i)assiiii^  some  davs  foastiiii'-  with  Thorodd  went  liomc  witli 
many  presents.  Tlieii  Siiorre  the  Priest  rode  over  tlio 
hills  and  spread  the  report  that  he  was  goiii^i;"  down  to  his 
ship  in  the  l)ay  of  liaunhafn.  This  hajiitened  in  summer, 
in  the  time  of ,  hayniakin<i-.  When  he  had  g-ono  as  far 
south  as  tlie  Kamltian  hills,  Snorre  said:  "  Xow  let  ns 
ride  back  from  the  hills  to  Kamh;  let  it  he  known  to  yon,'' 
he  added,  "what  I  wish  to  do.  [  have  i-esolved  to  attack 
and  destroy  IJiorn.  But  I  am  not  willing"  to  attack  and 
destroy  him  in  his  jiouse,  for  it  is  a  strong  one,  and  liibrn 
is  stout  and  active,  while  our  nund)er  is  small.  Even  those 
wlio  with  n'reater  numbers,  have  attacked  brave  men  in 
their  houses,  have  fared  badly  ;  an  example  of  which  you 
know  in  the  case  of  Gissur  the  White  ;  who,  when  with 
eighty  men,  they  attacked  tJunnar'  of  Litheud,  alone  in 
his  house,  numy  were  wounded  and  many  were  killed,  and 
they  would  have  been  comiiellcd  to  give  up  the  attack,  if 
(icii-  tlie  I'riest  had  not  learned  that  (Juimar  was  sliort  of 
i'lrows.  Therefore,""  said  lie,  "as  we  may  ex[»ect  to  tind 
Uiorn  out  ol"  doors,  it  being  the  time  of  haymaking,  I 
appoint  you  my  kinsman,  Mar,  to  give  him  the  tirst 
wound;  but  1  would  have  you  know  this,  that  there  is  no 
room  ibr  child's  i>Uiy,  and  you  must  ex[)ect  a  contest  with 
a  hungry  wolf,  unless  your  tirst  wound  shall  be  his  death 
blow."'  As  they  rode  from  the  hills  towards  his  homestead, 
they  saw  IJibrn  in  the  fields;    he  was  making  a  sledge,^ 


vcisi'.  CluuK'i'r  makes  liis  I'lii'smi  miDlnu'l/c  tur  his  iniiliility  t<>  iiuitutc  tlir 
pnirtici'. 

'Sec  lilt'  Su^ii  (if  Ijiinit  Niiil. 

■•'riicsi'  slcdji'cs  were  used  in  ilniwiiiy  liay,  iis  llic  rdiuls  wcri'  then,  as 
iiiiw.  tun  |HMir  Icir  I'iirts. 


A.MKIMCA   HV  'I'lIK  NoltTHMKN. 


99 


jvnd  110  one  was  near  liim.     JIc  had  no  weapon  hut  a  small 
sixe,  and  a  lariat,  knifu  in  his  hand  of  a  span's  length,  wliicli 
lie   used  to  round  the   liojes  in  the    sledi,^e.       Uii.i-n  saw 
Snorre  riding  down  from  the  liills,  and  reeoo-nixed  them. 
Hiiorre  the  I'riest  had  on  a  hhie  eloak,  and  rode  first.     The 
idea  sn(hU^nIy  occurred  to  Biorn,  that  lie  oiiirJit  to  take  his 
knife  and  <-•(,  as  fast  as  he    could  to  meet  them,  and  as 
soon  as  lie  readied  them,  hiy  liold  of  tlie  sleeve  of  tSnorre 
witli  one  h-;nd,  and  liold  the  knife  in  the  other,  so  that  he 
inio-lit  ho  al)le  to  pierce  Snorre  to  the  lieart,  if  lie  saw  that 
his  own  safety  required  it.     (Joing  to  meet  them,  IJiorn 
gave  tlieni   liail,    and    Snorre   returned    tlie   salute.     The 
hands  of  Mar  fell,  for  he  saw  that  if  he  attacked  P,i.,rn,  the 
latter  would   at    once  kill    Snorre.     Then    15iorn    walked 
along  with  Snorre  and  his  comrades,  asked  what  was  the 
news,  keeping  his   hands  as  at  first.     Then   he  said:  "I 
will  not  try  to  conceal,  neighhor  Snorre,  that  my  present 
attitude  and  look  seem  threatening  to  you,  which  might 
appear  wrong,  but  for  that  1  have  understood  that  your 
coming  is  hostile.     Xow  I   desire   that  if  you    have^my 
Ixisincss  to  transact  with  me,  you  will  take  another  course 
than  the  one  you  intended,  and  that  you  will  transact  it 
openly.     If  none,  I  will  that  you  make  peace,  which  when 
done,  I  will  return  to  my  work,  as  F  do  not  wish  to  he  led 
about  like  a  fool."     Snorre  replied:    "  Our  meeting  has  so 
turned    out  that  we  shall  at   this   time  part  in  the  same 
peace  as  before;    hut   1   desire  to  get  a  pledge  I'rom  you, 
that  from  this  time   you  will    K'avc  off  visiting   Tln'irid, 
because  if  you  go  on   in   this,  there  can  never  be  any  real 
friendship    between    us.-       |Ji<.ni    rciilird  :    ''This   I   will 
promise,  and  will  keep  it:  but  I  do  lu.t  know  how  I  shall 
be  able  to  keep  it,  so  long  as  Tliurid  and  Hive  in  the  same 
hind."     "There  is  nothing   so   great  binding   you  here," 
said  Snorre, '•  as  to  ke^.p  ynn   from   going  to  some  other 
land."     '•  What  you  iiowsav  is  true 


I'eplie 


IJiorn,  "  and 


100 


IMUvCOLrMHIAN  DISCOVERY  OF 


BO  lot  it  be,  and  lot  our  meeting;  end  with  this  pledge,  that 
neither  yon  nor  Thorodd  sliall  have  any  trouble  from  my 
visits  to  Thurid,  in  the  next  year."  With  this  they 
parted.  Snorre  tlie  Priest  rode  down  to  his  ship,  and 
then  went  home  to  nelii'efell.  The  day  after,  Biiirn  rode 
south  to  Rauidiafn,  and  euii^aui'd  his  passa<i;e  in  a  ship  for 
tlie  same  summer.  [A.  1).  !»!•!>.]  When  all  was  ready 
tliey  set  sail  with  a  northeast  wind  which  blew  during  the 
greater  part  of  that  summer,  Xothing  was  heard  of  the 
fate  of  the  ship  for  a  very  long  time.' 


in.  GUDLKIF  (;UJ)LAUCJSON. 

Tliis  narrative,  which  shows  what  became  of  Biorn 
Asbrandson,  whose  adventures  are  partial  1-y  related  in  the 
previous  sketch,  is  from  the  Eyrbviigia  Saga.  Ilv^otwith- 
standing  the  somewhat  romantic  character  of  these  two 
narratives,  there  can  be  no  doubt  but  that  they  are  true 
histori(!S.  Yet  that  they  relate  to  events  in  America,  is 
not  altojjrether  so  certain. 


There  was  a  nnm  named  Gudleif,  the  son  of  Gudlaug 
the  Ricli,  of  Straumtiord  and  brother  of  Thortinn,  from 
whom  the  fSturlinwrs  are  descended.  (Judleif  was  ay'reat 
merchant.  He  had  a  trading  vessel,  and  Thorolf  Eyrar 
Loptson  had  another,  when  they  fought  with  (iyrid,  son  of 
Sigvald  Earl,  (iyrid  lost  an  eye  in  that  tight.  It  took 
place  near  the  end  of  the  reign  of  King  Olaf  the  Saint,  that 
Gudleif  went  on  a  trading  voyage  to  the  west  to  Dublin. 


"I'liis  is  tlic  <iiil_v   |iiiriii;'i'iii>li   wliicli    niiiilii's   dirrclly  in   tlie  siiliircl    in 
luuiil.     The  toUowinjr  luunitivc  will  briny  Hii'irn  to  iinticc  siyjirm. 


AMKHK'A   MV  TlIK  Noin'll.MKN. 


101 


On  liis  return  to  Iceland,  sailing;  Croni  the  west  of  Irelinnl, 
he  mot  witli  northeast  winds,  and  was  driven  far  into  the 
oecan  west,  and  soutliwest,  so  that  no  hmd  was  seen,  the 
summer  beinu-  now  nearly  gone.    Many  i)rayers  were  offered 
that  they  might  eseape  from  the  sea.      At  h'ligfh  they  saw 
hmd.     It  was  of  great  extent,  hut  they  did  not  know  what 
land  it  was.     They  took  eounsel  and  resolved  to  make  lor 
the  land,  thinking  it  unwise  to  eontend  with  the  violence 
of  the  sea.     They  found  a  good    luirhor,  and  soon  after 
tlioy  went  ashore,  a  number  of  men  came  down  to  tliem. 
They  did  not  recognize  the  people,  l)ut  fhouglit  tliat  their 
language  resem])led   the   Irish. >     In  a  sliort  time  sucli  a 
number  of  men  Imd  gathered  around  them  as  numbered 
many  hundred.     Tlioso   attacked   them  and  Imund  them 
all  and  drove  tliem  inland.     Afterwards  they  were  brought 
before  an  assembly,  and  it  was  considered  what  should  be 
done  with  them.     They  thought  that  some  wislied  to  kill 
and  that  others  were  for  dividing  them  among  the  villages 
as   slaves.     While  this  was   going  on,    they  saw  a  great 
nund)er  of  men  riding- towards  them  with  a  bannerCon- 
spicuously  lifted  up,  whence  they  inferred  that  some  gn^at 
man  was   amojig   them.     And   when    the  com[)any  drew 
near,  tliey  saw  a    man  riding  under  tlie  banner,  tali  and 
with   a   nnu-tial    air,   aged    anrl  grayhaired.     All  j. resent 
treated  this  man  with    the  utmost    honor  and    deference. 
They  soon  saw  that  their  case  was  refci-red  to  the  decision 
of  this  man.     lie  comnumded  C^ludleif  and  his  comrades 
to  l)e  brought  before  him,  and  coming  into  his  presence 
he  addressed  them  in  the  Xorthern  tongue,  and  asked  fr..m 


'  Few  i.cis:)iis  will  infer  imich  from  this ;  iiothiiio-  js,  casiiT  iliaii  to  find 
rcsciiiblaiK'cs  in  liiiiuiiaoc. 

•' T)u' laiioiuiov  in.licat.'S  that  they  we ic  I'idii.u-  hofsrhack,  thoiinh  It  is 
not  .•oncliisive.  And  at  the  pefioil  iTfrnv,!  to.  tiinv  w,.|v  ,„,  l.nrsrs  in 
AniiTica.  tlicy  haviiit.-  \,rru  intro.ln.-cd  l,y  thr  Spaniaf.ls,  after  the  .liseoverv 
tiy  ('olniid)us.      At  least,  such  is  tln' eoniinon  opinion. 


102 


I'HKCOl,!  MI5IA.N    KISCoV  KIJV  Ol' 


W 


wliiit  land  tln'y  i'liiiic.  Tlu'y  r('|)Ii»'(l  that  the  fliit'l"  part 
wcro  leolaiiilors.  Tlio  man  asked  wliicli  of  tlicni  \w\\\ 
Icolaiidcis.  <  Jiidli'ir  declared  liiinsolf  t(t  he  an  Icelander, 
and  saluted  the  old  man,  which  he  receivc(l  kindly,  and 
asked  what  |iart  ol"  Ici'land  he  came  I'rom.  He  ri-plied 
that  he  came  from  the  district  some  called  iJoy'aliord. 
He  asked  who  lived  in  l>(\natior(l,  to  which  (Jndleif 
replieil  at  some  len<fth.  Alh'rwards  this  man  impiired 
particularly  ahout  all  the  principal  men  of  |}o<;aliord  and 
Hreidaliord ;  and  of  these  he  in(iuired  with  special  interest 
into  everytliini^  relatini^  t(t  ISnorri'  the  Priest,  and  of  his 
sister  Tliurid,  of  Kroda,  and  for  the  <<;reat  Kiarten,  her  son. 
In  the  nu'anwhile  the  natives  <i,rew  impatient  ahout  the 
<lisposition  of  the  sailors.  Afterwards  the  i-'reat  man  left 
him  and  took  twelve  of  the  natives  apart,  and  conferred 
with  them.  Afterwards  he  returni'd.  Thei\  the  old  man 
8[)oko  to  Gudleif  and  his  comrades,  and  said  :  "We  have 
had  some  debate  concerniiiii:  you,  and  the  people  have  U'ft 
the  nuitter  to  my  decision  ;  I  now  permit  you  to  li-o  where 
you  will,  and  althoui^h  summei-  is  nearly  n-one,  I  advise  you 
to  leave  at  once;  for  these  people  are  of  l)a<l  faith,  and  hard 
to  deal  with,  and  now  *'  ink  thi'v  have  ht'cn  deprived  of 
their  ri.ii'ht."  Then  (ludleif  asked,  '^  Who  sliall  we  say,  if 
we  reacli  our  own  country  aii'ain,  to  have  <;iven  ns  our 
liberty r'  He  replied:  "That,  I  will  not  tell  you,  for  1 
am  not  williiii;  that  any  of  my  friends  or  kindred  should 
come  here,  and  meet  with  such  a  fate  as  vou  would  have 
met,  but  for  me.  Ay-e  now  comes  on  so  fast,  that  I  may 
almost  expi'ct  anv  hour  to  he  mv  last.  Thoun'li  I  mav 
live  some  time  lont!;er,  there  are  other  men  of  greater 
inHuenee  than  myself,  though  now  at  some  distance  from 
this  place,  and  these  would  not  grant  safety  or  peace  to 
any  strange  men."  Tiien  he  looked  to  the  lifting  out  of 
tlunr  ship,  and  stayed  at  this  place  until  a  fair  wind  sprang 
up,  so  thai    they  might  U-ave  the  port.      IJefore  tliey   wet'it 


AMKUICA   MV  'I'lIK  NolCI'II.MKX. 


103 


away,  tliis  niiiii  took  a  uold  v\\\>r  from  his  hiiiid  and  ijavo 
it  to  <liiiilcil',  Mild  also  a  trood  >\voi'd.  Tlioii  In-  said  to 
(ludlcil":  'If  t'oi'tuiic  iKTiiiits  yon  to  ivacli  Ici'Iaiid,  ^'ive 
tliis  swonl  to  l\iartoii,  licro  ol'  Froda,  and  this  riiii;  to 
Thiirid,  liis  mother."  (hidh'if  askod,  ''Who  shall  I  say 
\\t\H  tlu"  si'iidcr  of  this  valiiahk'  yift  ?  ""  lie  r('|»ii('d  :  "  Say 
that  he  sent  it  who  loved  the  lady  of  Froda,  hetter  than 
her  l)rother,  the  Priest  of  llelirafell.  And  if  any  man 
desires  to  know  who  sent  this  valiiahle  gift,  rei)eat  my 
words,  that  I  forhid  any  one  to  si-ek  mo,  foi*  it  is  a  danu-er- 
oii.s  voya.i^e,  unless  others  should  meet  with  the  same 
fortune  as  you.  This  ri'y'ion  is  lari;'e,  JMit  has  iV'w  o-ood 
ports,  and  dan,i>'or  tliroatens  stranucrs  on  all  sides  from  the 
iK-ojile,  unless  it  shall  fall  to  others  as  yourselves."  After 
this  they  separated.  (Judleif,  with  his  comrades,  went  to 
sea,  and  reached  Ireland  the  same  autumn,  and  passed  the 
winter  in  Duhlin.  The  next  sprini?  they  sailed  to  leeland, 
and  Gudleif  delivered  the  jewel  into  the  hand  of  Thiirid. 
Tt  was  commonly  helicved  that  there  was  no  douht  hut 
that  the  man  seen,  was  IViorn  Ureidavikinu'  Kappa.  And 
there  is  no  other  reliahle  report  to  prove  this. 


IV.    ALLLISrOXS   TO   VoVAdKS    FOUXI)    IX 
AXCIENT  AlAXlSCIiirTS. 

I'rofessor  Ifafn,  in  Ah(if/>n'/(iJ,.^  Ainirli-(iiiii\,  gives  l.rief 
notices  of  niimerous  Icelandic  voyages  to  America,  ami 
other  lands  at  the  west,  of  which  there  is  now  no  record. 
The  works  in  which  they  are  found  are  of  the  hiiihest 
respcetahility.  It  is  only  necessary  here  to  give  the  facts, 
which  have  heen  collected  with  much  care.  Tliev  show 
that  the   pre-Colunihian   di covi'ry  of  America  has   tiii<'ed 


104 


I'WKCOMMIMAN  ItlSCoVKUV  oK 


iiciii'ly  the  wlidlc  IxmIv  oI"  Irt'laiidic  liistoi'v,  In  wliidi  tlio 
Hiil)j(M't  is  rct'cnvil  to,  111  it  as  ii  matter  of  doiiht,  hut  aa 
HoiiH'tliiiii;  |ici  li'ctly  well  known.  All  tlicso  revelations 
coniliine  to  rurnirth  iiulispntaMe  proof'  of  the  [(ositions 
maintained  in  I  Ids  woik,  showinu"  as  they  do,  lieyond  all 
I'ensonahle  (|iiestion,  that  the  impression  which  so  <j^enorally 
prevailed  in  re_<;'ard  to  the  discovery  of  tins  land,  was  not  tho 
result  of  a  literary  fraud.  Some  of  the  tin-ts  are  i;'iveu 
helow  : 


Hlil.     Kiic,  Hislioj)  uC  (irci'iiiaiiil,'  wi'iit  to  souitIi  nut  N'inlaiul. 

JJislioi*  Krif  I'pM!  ,«()ii;,dit  N'inlaiiil. 
12H5,    A  new  land  is  Jiscovorod  wci^t  fripni  k-oland. 

New  land  is  tound '-' 

Adalbrand  and  Tliurvald,  tlu;  sons  of  lloljic,  found  tlio  nuw 

land. 
Adalhiand  and  Tliorvald  found  new  land  west  of  leeland. 
Tlie  Feather  '  Islands  are  discovered. 
12.S8.    Holf  is  sent  hy  Kini,'  Krie  to  seareli  out  the  new  land,  and 

ealied  on  people  ol'  leeland  to  1:0  with  him. 
12S*J.     Kinj;  Krie  sends  Holf  to  leeland  to  seek  out  the  new  land. 
121*0.     Holf  traveled  tlirouj^li    Iceland,  and  ealied  out  men    tin-  a 
voyaue  to  the  now  land.' 


''This  is  t'ouiiil  in  AiiiKths  fs/niiilnnnii  licjii.  wliicli  y;ives  tlu' liistory  of 
Icclitiiil  from  till'  t)i'j;;inniiiij  down  to  loOT.  Also  in  .\iiiii(I(k  hlntuii  iida, 
anil  in  .1 /»//('/( .V  llixt  iiiini.  Krii'  was  a|i|iointi'il  l>isliu|i  of  (irt'ciiianil,  but 
]icrformi'<l  no  iliitii's  after  his  ((insrcratioii,  anil  I'vrntiiaily  ri'siixncd  that 
HIM',  in  oi'ilcr  to  unili'i'Ialvi'  thr  mission  to  \'inlanil.  lli'  is  also  spoken  of  in 
two  works,  as  j^'oiny:  to  N'inlaiiil  witli  tlic  title  of  IVisliop  uf  (f reiMilaiul,  a 
title  wliicli  111'  liiiil  several  years  hefure  liis  ai'tual  I'oiisecration. 

'^'I'lie  manuscript  is  delicieiit  here. 

'■"riie  Feather  Islands  are  meiitioneil  in  the  /,<";/iii<iinis  AiiKd/f  ■  ■« 

of  the  (ioveriiors  of   leelaiiil,  anil  Aiiinihx  SkdUmltinl,  or  Ai 
Hishiiprii'  of  Skalliiili,  written  in  the  midille  of  the  fmirteeiith  c. 
before  ("oliimbiis  went   to   Icelaml.      Ueamisli  sii^ecsts  that   ihes. 
I'enjiuin  and  Huealoa  islands. 

'  ••  The   notices  of   Nyja    land  and   I>uiieyjar,  would  seem  to  refi 


the 

til 


til  a 


rediscovery  of  some  pails  nl  t lie  eastern  cnast  of  America,  which  had  been 


AMKIfiCA   in     IIIK  NoirrilMKN. 


UIVC'H 


105 


]'2'X). 
1 .'{.")  7. 


li.'iriila-liull'  iII.mI. 

TliiTc    cnii,!    (Iiirtcvn    l.-ii-..    ships    to    IcrlaiHl.       Kiii(lri,lt'. 
sudcn   was    wicckc'd   in    K,-,st    Mcr-atinnl.  ii,.;,r   Lan-cn.'MH. 
Tlif  nvw  ami   the  urcater    part    of   llir  ,.ai-(,  was  saved. 
Hcjisalaii-cii   was  wic.'kcd  milsi  1<-  of  Si. la.      Of  its  cicw. 
Ilaldor    .Ma-iv    and  (iiinlli(,riii    St.il...  and   ninct.vn    ni.'ii 
altr-ftliiM',  w.Ti;  drowned.     The  (•arL:,.siiircred  al.so.      Therj 
wero  also  six    ships   driven  haek.      There  ean.e   likewise   a 
.-iiip  from  (nvnland,!    sni.dler  tii.an    the  smallest  of  |.-e- 
'"'"'  "''')'"■   "'•"    '••II'"'  in  the  outer    l.a.y.      it    had   l.i.st   it.s 
aMeh(,r.     There   were  seventeen   men    on   hoard,  who   had 
.lioiie  t.,  .Mafklaml.-'  and  n,,  their  return  were  drifted   here. 
JJut  lierealtou,.ther  that  winter,  wore  ei-hte.-n  lar-;e  ships, 
besides  the  two  that  were  wrecked  in  the  summer. 
There  .MnM"  a  ship  from  (Ireeniand  that  had  saih'd  to  .M.ark- 
laml.  ;ind  there  were  ei-ht  men  on  board. 


V.  OEOGRAI'IIICAL  FlJAlJ.MKXTS. 

TIr-  Hrst  of  these  (locimu-iits  i.s  Ihmi  it  work-  which  pi-o- 
Ws  to  give  ii  dcscTiptioii  <,f  the  etifth  in  the  .ui,l,j|e  a-e. 
From  this  it  appea.-.s  that  the  leeituidofs  had  ti  eoiTect  idea 
of  tho  hjcatioii  of  Vi.dand  in  Xew  Kiio-h,,,,!,  ti,oMo-li  they 
did  not  eonipfehend   tlie   Ihet   timt  tliey  had   di.seo'veivd  a 


previously  visit.Ml  l.y  earlier  voyanvrs.  Tl,e  orioiMul  „,,|„.ll,„i„„  of  \viu 
laud,  or  \!,j<,f<in<h,-hnnl.  woui,!  hav  uaiurally  led  to  ,he  uio.lern  Hn-lish 
uauH.orXewfouiullaud,  niv,.n  l.yC;d>....  to  whose  kuow!,.dov  the  ,iise,?v,.ry 
would  [unuh,  v|  luive  conn,  thmuul,  ,1„.  medium  of  tl„-  romuuTeial  iuier- 
•  •o.irse  U-Uy,~riy  Kunlau.l  au huMl  iu  the  (ifterml,  reut  ury,'-/,',  ,„.,/.vA. 

'Seethe  Decline  of  ( ireeulaud,  iu  lutroductiou. 

•''Miirklaud(\V,,odh,ud)  was  Nova  S.otia.  as  we   know  fr,au  the  .lesnip. 

tiou  of  Leif  aud  others.      These  vessels  doul.tl.ss  W^UI     to    nvt  timher        All 

ese  a.Toiiuts  show  that  tl,..  Western  oe.au  was  y,,,,. rally  uaviyan.d  iu  .!,.• 
middle  of  the  f.iurt.'i'uth  c.uturv. 

u 


10(5 


IMMvCOLr.MUlAN   DISCOVKUV  oF 


Hi 


ni'w  ('(iiiiiiioiit.  Tlio  (locumi'iit  iiuiv  bo  found  in  Antiijui- 
tatcs  A)iur'C(iii(i-,\\.  "is."}.  \\\  \\\v  iqtprndix  of  tlj;it  work  may 
1)0  soon  a  fee  simile  of  the  ori^'inal  nianusoript.  Tlio  si-oond 
dooninont  is  from  {Anli'/iiildtcs  AmericmiO',  [>,  'IWl).  It  was 
found  oriiviiially  in  tlio  miscollaueous  oollection  oallod  tlio 
(h-ii,!<K 


il 

lit 


IM 


A   IUni:i'  PKSCHII'TKtX  OK  'I'lIK  \VII(>I,K  KAimi. 

Tlio  oarlii  is  said  to  bo  dividod  into  throo  [lai'ts.  Ono  lA' 
tlioso  is  oallod  Asi;;,  and  extends  from  northeast  to  south- 
west, and  oocupies  the  middle  (.1'  the  earth.  In  the  eastern 
part  are  three  separate  rei:;ions,  oallod  Indialand,  In  the 
farthest  India,  the  Apostle  Bartholomew  })reaehed  the 
liiith;  and  whei'o  iio  likewise  <>"ave  up  his  life  (for  the  name 
of  Christ).  In  the  nearest  India,  the  Ajtostlo  Thomas 
preached,  and  there  also  ho  suffered  death  for  the  oause 
of  God.  In  that  part  of  the  I'arth  called  Asia,  is  the  city 
of  Nineveh,  i>-reatest  of  all  cities.  It  is  three  ;lays' journey 
in  lonsi'th  and  one  day's  journey  ii\  breadth.  There  is  also 
the  city  of  iJabyloii,  ancient  and  voi-y  lariz'o.  There  Kim; 
Nebnohadnoz/ar  formerly  roiii'ued.  Init  now  that  city  is  so 
thoiouii-hly  destroyed  that  it  is  not  inhabited  by  men,  on 
account  of  scri»onls  and  all  nunnu'r  of  noxious  creatures. 
In  Asia  is  .k'l'usalom,  and  also  Antioch  :  in  this  city  Peter 
the  Apostle  founded  an  i*'piscopal  seat,  and  whore  he,  the 
iirst  «)f  all  men,  santv  Mass.  vsia  Minor  is  a  roi>ion  of 
(iroat  Asia.  Thei'o  the-  Ajjostk!  dohn  pi-i-aclioil,  and  there 
also,  in  the  city  Ephosus,  is  his  tomb,  Thoy  say  that  tour 
rivers  How  out  of  I'aradist'.  One  is  called  I'ison  orUanuos; 
this  om[»ties  into  the  soa  sun'oundiui;'  the  world.  I'ison 
rises  under  a  mountain  oallt'dOrcobares.  The  second  river 
tlowinn'  t'rom  i'aradiso,  is  calli'd  Ti<;'i'is.  and  the  thinl,  Ku- 
phi'ati's.      r>oth  empty  into   the  Mrdiicrranean  (sea),  near 


A.MKIiK'A    |{V   ■rilK  NoirrilMKN 


107 


AnticH'li,  Tlu>Xi!(.,nIs„ealKMl(i.on,ist],o  fourtl,  nv(>rtliat 
'••.nsrroml'ara.lise.  If  soparates  Asia  fV„m  Africa,  an.ltl.nvs 
tl.rou-h  tlK.  whole  (.r  Kirvpt.  In  K-vpt  is  New  Uahvio.i 
(Can--),  an.l  the  eilv  called  Ale.viindna.  The  seco,,.!  part 
of  the  earth  is  calle.l  Africa,  which  exteiMis  from  the  south- 
west to  the  northwest.  There  arc  Serklahd,  ami  three 
ivi-'ioiis  called  Blaland  (laud  of  hlackmeii  or  lU'-roes).  The 
Moditerrai.ean  soadivhles  |^:ur..pc  fr.m  Afric:'u     Europe  is 

thcthirdpartoftheearth,  extend.  Ifrounvestauduorthwest 
to  the  northeast.     In  the  ,.ast  of  Europe  is  the  kiuo-,h>n.  of 
Kussia.     Tliere  are  J[ohuo-a,-d,  I'alteskia  and  Snuileuskia. 
South  of  Russia  lies  the  king.h>iu  of  (Jrcece.     Of  .his  kiui--- 
doui,  the  chief  citv  is  (\)nstantinople,  which  ourpeoph'  cidi 
Md<lao-ard.      In   .Miklao.ard  is  a  c.urch,  which   the  people 
call  St.  Sophia,  hut  the   Xorthnien  call   it    J'^isif.     This 
church  exceeds  all  the  other  churches  in  the  woH<l,  hoth  as 
respect,  its  structure  a..d  sixe.      l?ulo-aria  an<I  a  o-,va'  many 
ishinds,  called  the  Greek  islands,  helono-  to  the  kiu-.lon"i 
of  (Jreoce.     Crete  and  Cyprus  are  the  most  noted  oi'  the 
Greek  islands.     Sicily  is  a  ,o-reat  kin.i;(h)m  in  (hat  i)art  of 
the  earth  called   Europe.     Italy  is  a  ..ountry  south  of  (he 
.yreat  ridge  of  mountains,  called  hy  us  Muudia,  [Alps].     In 
the  remotest  part  of  Italy  is  Apulia,  .'ailed  I.v  the  Norfh- 
iiien,    Pulsland.      In    the    mi<ldlc  „f   Italy    is"   Rome,     in 
the  north  of  Italv  Is  Eond.ardy,  which   we  call  J.ond.ard- 
hmd.     Xorth  of  (he  mounfains  (.n   the  ..as(,  is  (iermanv, 
and  (m  the  southwest  is   France.      Ilispania,  which  we  ca'll 
Sjiaiidand,  is  a  o-iva(   kino-dc,,  (l,:,t  extends  south  to  th,> 
Mediterranean,    hetwcen     Eomhardy    and    France.       The 
Rhine    is   a    ,o-,va(    river  (hat    rims    north    from    Miindia, 
hetwcm   (Jermany  and    France.     Near  ihe  outlets  ,,f  d,,' 
Rhine  is    Friesland,  northward    fV-.m    (iie  sea.      North  <.f 
(Germany  is  Denmark.     The  ...van    runs   info  \hv   F.aKic 
sea,  near  Denmark.     Sweden    lies  eas(   ,,f  Denmark,  •.„(! 
Norway  at    the    north.      Xortli   of   N'.u'Wav  is    Fimi.nark. 


■lilAiMiiiMMiliiliM 


108 


PHKCOH'MniAX   DISCOVKHV  OF 


a  i 


m 


M    i 


Tlie  coast  In'iids  tlicnce  to  tlio  nortlicast,  and  tlu'ii  towards 
tlie  east,  until  it  readies  I'ei'niia,  ■\vliieli  is  tributary  to 
I-iussia.  From  I'ermia,  desert  tracts  extend  to  tiie  north, 
reaching  as  far  as  (ireeidand.  JJcyond  (Greenland,  south- 
ward, is  HeUidand;  I)eyond  tliat  is  Markhmd;  from  tlionce 
it  is  not  farto  Viidand,  which  some  men  are  of  the  o]iinion, 
extends  to  Africa.'  Kngland  and  Scothuid  are  one  ishind  ; 
hut  each  is  a  separate  kingdom.  Trehmd  is  a  great  island. 
Tceland  is  also  a  great  island  north  of  Irehm*!.  All  tlieso 
countries  are  situated  in  that  part  of  the  world  called 
Europe.  Xext  to  Denmark  is  Lesser  Sweden  :  then  is 
Oeland,  then  (Jottland,  then  Helsingeland,  tlu-n  Verme- 
land,  and  the  two  Kvcndlands,  which  lie  north  of  Hiarme- 
land.  From  Biai'mehmd  stretches  desert  land  towards  the 
north,  until  (Ireenland  begins.  South  of  (iireenland  is 
lEeiiUland;  )iext  is  Markland,  from  thence  it  is  not  far  to 
Vinland  the  Good,  wliich  some  thiidc  goes  out  to  Africa; 
and  il'tliis  is  so,  the  sea  must  extend  between  Yinland  and 
Mai'kland.  Tt  is  told  that  Tliorfinn  Karlsefne  cut  wood 
liere  to  ornament  his  house,-  went  afterwards  to  seek  out 
V^iidand  the  (Jood,  and  came  there  where  they  thought 
the  land  was,  but  did  not  reach  it,  and  got  none  of  the 
wealth  of  the  laiul.''  Leif  the  Lucky  iirst  discovered 
Vinland,  and  tlu'U  he  met  some  mercliants  in  distress  at 
sea,  and  by  (Jod's  grace,  saved  their  lives ;  and  he  intro- 
duced Christianity  into  (Jreenland,  and  it  flourished  so 
there  that  an  episcopal  scat  was  set  up  in  the  place,  called 


'  111  the  t'iici' lit' this  and  ii  iiuiltit ikIc  of  siiiiiliir  stiitciiiciits.  Mr.  Hiiiicnifl 
(■ii(lfii\(irs  111  iiiii1\c  Ills  fftiiilri's  lirlirvf  thai  till'  liii'ality  ut'  \'iiilaiiil  was 
uiicrrlaiii.  I'r  iiiiylit.  willi  iM|ual  |)ro|ifirty,  ti'll  us  tliat  tlir  Idcatinii  nt' 
Massarliiisrtts  itsril'  was  iinriitaiii,  bi'CiUlsc,  iicciil'diliji'  tii  tlic  (iriyilial  jiiaiit, 
it  cxtrililril  IK  till'  I'lii'ilir  iii'rail. 

-Sci'  null'  1,  p.  SI. 

^Tliis  is  a  liluiiilrr.  Tlir  wvitrr  iiiiist  liavr  Ihtii  iniii'r  ut' a  yriiji'i'a|ilirr 
than  historian.     Srr  lln'  Sajia  nt'  l,rit'  |).  :i(i. 


AMKHICA   HV  TIIK  XOHTIIMEN. 


lO'J 


(Janlar.     En-land  and  Scotland  are   an   islan<l.,    and  yet 
each  is  a  separate    kingdom.     Ireland    is  a  -reat  island 
These  countries  are  all  in  that  part  of  the  world  called 
htirope. 


FUOM  (ilill'LA. 

Huvaria  is  hounded  hy  Saxony;    Saxony  is  hounde<l  hy 
Tlolstein,  and  next  is  Denmark.     The  sea  runs   hctweeu 
the  eastern  countries.     Swe.len  is  east  of  Denmark      Xor 
way  IS  to  the  north;    Finmark  is  east  of  Xorwav ;    from 
thence  the  land  extends  t..  the  n..rtheast  and  east,  until 
you  come    to  P.iarmeland  :    this  land  is  under  trihute  to 
Gardaridge.     From  Biarmelan.l  lie  desert  places  all  north- 
ward to  the  land  which  is  called  Greenland,  [which    how- 
ever, the  Greenlan.lers  do  not  atKrm.  hut  helieve  to  have 
seen  it  otheruise,  hoth  from  drift  timher,  that  is  known 
aud  cut  down  hy  men,  and  also  from  reindeer  whi.-h  have 
niarks  upon  their  ears,  or  hands  upon  their  horns    like- 
wise from    sheep  which    stray   here,  of  wliich   there  are 
some  remainino.  in  Xorway,  for  one  head  hangs  in  Thrond- 
henn,  aud  another  in  liergen,  an.]  manv  others  are  to  he 
tound.]'     P.ut  there  are  hays,  au.l  the  land  stretches  out 
towards   the    southwest;    there    are    ice    mountains,    and 
hays,  and  islands  lie  out  in  front  of  the  ice  mountains  •  one 
ot  the  H-e  mountains  cannot  he  explored,  and  the  other  is 
iailt   a  month\s  sail,  to  tlu-  thinl,  a  week's  sail.     This  is 
nearest   to    the   settlement  .-ailed  II.vi,ls..rk.     Thence  the 
la.ul  trends  n.,rth ;  hut  he  who  .lesires  to  g.>  hv  the  settle- 
ment, steers  t.)  the  southwest.     (Jar.lar,  the  bishop's  seat 
IS  at  the  hottomof  Fri..sti.,nl;  tlu.v  is  aclunvh  .•.ms.vrat,.,! 
to    holy    Xicholas.      There    are    tw.-lve   chur.-hes    in    the 
eastern  settlement,  and  four  in  the  western. 

'''''"■'""■''"'•''" '  ''nirU,,s  is  .,,  in„.r|.uh„i„„.,r„   ,,.....„,  ,h,t,.  Mn,l 

williDiit  iiiiv  iiiitli<irii\ , 


Public  Archives  of  Nova  Scotia 
HALIFAX,    N.S. 


.'  hi 


110 


PRlvCOl.UMBFAN  DISCOVERV  IN  AMKUICA, 


Now  it  should  1)0  told  what  is  opposite  Greenland,  out 
from  the  bay,  which  was  before  named.  Furdustrandur  ^ 
is  the  name  of  the  land ;  the  cold  is  so  severe  that  it  is  not 
liabital)le,  so  far  as  is  known.  South  from  thence  is 
Ilellulaiid,  which  is  called  Skriellings  land.  Thence  it  is 
not  far  to  Vinland  the  Good,  which  some  think  goes  out 
to  Africa.^  Between  Vinland  and  Greenland,  is  Ginnun- 
gagah,  which  runs  from  the  sea  called  iMare  Oceamon,  and 
surrounds  the  whole  earth. 


'  Xdt  to  be  coiifoiiiulcd  with  tlic  ))l!i('('  of  tlic  same  iianii"  at  f"a]M'  Cod. 

'■"I'his  is  another  passajrc  ui)oii  which  Baiicfot't  (h'liciKis,  to  jji-ovc  tliat  tlii^ 
h)('ality  of  Vinhmd  was  unknown,  when  in  th(^  Sajrasthf  ])osition  is  minutely 
described,  the  situation  l)einif  as  well  known  as  that  of  (Jreenhind. 


INDEX. 


A<lnlliriiii<l.  I((4. 

Adiini  of  Unini'ii,  xlix,  ;/,  ;i(j. 

Adzcr,  Arc]il)isli(i|),  xxviii 

-Hyisit',  107. 

•iKIian,  xiii. 

Atri<'ii,  Kir,  I  OS,  110. 

Ajiassiz.  I>r,)t'.,  ;{(),  „, 

Alt',  of  Dolmii,  SS. 

Alfariii  X'alcson,  Vi. 

Alfonso,  xxjvii. 

Alps.   Kir, 

Altcsoii.  Joniiid,  IH. 

Aiuci'ica.  iii. 

AiiiiiiKl,  Hishop,  xxxiv. 

Andreas,  xxxiii. 

Aiiiialfs  Flatc.vciisis,  K>4,  >,. 

Annalcs  Islaiidonni'   Hcyii,  104,  /,. 

Aiinalcs,  Hcsciiiini,  104,  k. 

An.son,  IiOi;i.  XXX-.  ui. 

Aiitiocli,  10(!,  lor. 

Aiiticpiiiriaiis,  Koyal  Society  of,  Iv,  //. 

Aiiti(piitatesAiiieVicanie,  U'ii, //. 

A])ulia,  lOr. 

Arclueojonia.  .Viiiericana,  SS,  //. 

Archer.  ^>!».  /,,  :il.  /,,  (ji;,  „. 

Arn-vle,  .Manpiis  of,  liv,  /,. 

Aristotle,  xiii. 

Arn;i'.  Maiiiiiean  Collection.  IS. 

Ai'nliiorn.  S!l.  !»4,  <ir. 

Arnlaiiy.  ir,  2o. 

Arnold,  xxix,  xxxii  ;  (J,, v.  Menedict, 

Iviii.  II. 
Aslirand,  \)-i  :   Biorn,  of  Kandi,  S!), 
Asia.  l(»(i:.Minor.  Kl(;;(ireat,  10(1  lor 
Aslak,  III,  4!l. 
Assonnet  Xeck,  Iv,  ;,,  Ivii. 
Allielstane,  xxxvii. 
Atlantis,  xiii. 

Alii  the   |{e(l.  Sd.  SS.  j 

Avalldania.  (i:i.  ro. 
A/ore.  Ishiiid.  sr,  //. 

i^iih.vlon,  |0(i;  i„.\v.  ior.  ; 

l5aco|,,a,  Islands  of.    101    „  I 

Haider,  ."i,""),  /,.  ; 

liiill's  Kiver,  xxxvi.  I 


Uancroft,  lOS.  /,,  IK),  /,  ;  Mr.  (Jeor^re, 
xliii  ;  his  view.s  controverted, 
xliii,  liv,  H. 

Hiijitisfery,  Ivii. 

Bardarson,  Ivan,  12,  //  ;  see  Ivar  Mert. 

Bartholonu'W,  tlic>  Apostle,  100. 

Hcacon,  Mr.  .Joseph,  44.  „.' 
'  Heannsh,  iii,  iv,  xix.  104,  /,.  10"),  ,i, 

Bear  Island,  (ir. 

Hede,  the  Venerable,  xxiv,  xxxiv, //. 

Hehri no- Straits. 

Heresviy,  Uoin,  12. 

Mereeii,   K)!). 

Hcrse,  Ilahlor's  son,  K!. 
Bert,  Ivar,  xxxi.  \2,  n. 
Hessalanwen,  lO.";. 
Hethenconrts,  xvi. 
Hiafal,  (10  ;  see  Kiafal. 

Hiarne,  Bishop,  r I,  rti,S2;Uiitte: -Tub 

4!t,  //,  .ll, 
Biarnev,  Isle,  (J,-). 
Biorn,  Asbrandson  Breidavikinc  Hi 

!'.   !tl.   !!•,>;     exiled.    iCi  ;     ret7.Vns', 
!»4.  !».-).  0(1;  yoes  abroad,  100    l(i:! 

Biorneland,  los,  U)!). 

Blaaserk,  10.  1<». 

Hlaland.  lor. 

Hli^r,  'I'hord.  il.').  !)(i 

Hllll'    llill.s,  0-J.  /,. 

Biie-aliord.  ir,  'iO. 

Boryatiord.  Ivist.  lO.'). 

Boroaliorden,  1;;. 

Bork.  the  Fat.  SO. 

Boiieainville,  xiv. 

Horv,  <le  St.  Vincent,  xvi. 

Braaville,  Ivii,  n. 
Braye,  .■),->.  /,. 
Bratlahlid.  xxvi. 
Bre(l<ibo|stad.  10. 
J{i'ei<laliord.  ir,  ~'0. 
Breiilavik.  SO. 
Brereton.  'i\\.  „. 
Brokii.  10. 
Brouyliion.  xviii. 
Brun.  Malte.  lix.  /,.  Ix.  u. 
Bnleaiia,  lor. 
Mull.  Papal.  XXV,  „  •>. 


112 


IXDHX. 


Hiirisli-.us,  iCi,  //. 
Biinicl,  liv,  /(, 
Burnt,  Nial.  i»H,  «. 
Biiyiiii-llson,  Dr..  xxxi. 
Bii/./iinl's  Hay,  ;il,  //, 
Byrdiismior,  ISianic,  l!). 
Byzaiitiiiiu,  xxxvi. 

("al)ut,  xxxviii,  K)."),  /(. 

("adi/,  viii. 

Caiiaria,  xv. 

CaiiaiT  Islands,  xiv,  xv,  xvi,  xvii,  n. 

Canutf,  xxxvii. 

C'ajM'  ('i)d,  V,  xlvii,2!),  ii  :  !,>!dsliip  at, 

;iO,  //. 
('a|H'  Karcwi'll,  xxviii. 
<'a|)c  Malaltar.  ol.  //. 
<'a|)i'aria,  xv,  xvi. 
Carl  Mii!l;  r,  xiv. 
<  'iiaplains,  xvii. 
('Iia|i|)fll.  -JS,  /,. 
Cliatham,  :!(),  //. 
ClniuciT,  Its,  /(. 
Cliiiiuwaiik,  Iv,  /(. 
Christ,  ."i."i.  (IT. 

CliristiiphiTscii,  Claudius,  xxv,  ii  2. 
CinnauKin,  o(i,  //. 
Clai'cnddii,  Lurd,  liv,  n. 
Cock  haiic  ;;liost,  liii. 
Codex  Klatnicusis,  xli. 
CuIm'Ms,  xiii. 
Coloni/atiou    of  (Jrccnland,    l.T;    of 

Ict'laud,  xxi. 

•). 


11 V.  -,'4,  //,  104,  /(. 
II.  ()1,  II. 


Ciduiulius.  xlviii, 

Coiistaiitino|(l('. 

Cniiitor,  xxii,  o!). 

Cnint/,  XXXV. 

Crete,  107. 

Croniea    (ieueral  de  Kspana,  xlvii. 

Cross,  \v(irsliipe<l.  Ix,  ii. 

Crossness,  A'i. 

Culdees,  xxiv. 

Cy|)rus,  107. 

I>aeiiialstad,  ',]'.].  ii. 
Dantiirtli,  Dr.,  Iv,  n. 
Darien,  Istlmuis  of,  S(),  //. 
I)asent,  xxxvi. 
J)e  Marios,  xvii,  ii. 
De  Fries,  Uev.,  XXX. 

DeiiMuirk,  107.  10(1. 

Dieuil.  xxiv,  ;/. 

Diji'litoii  l{ock,  XXX,  /(,  Iv.lvi,  Ivii,  i( 

V2.  II. 
Diyiaiiiula. 
Diinoiisvaae-,   HI. 
Disco,  '.\'i. 
Diieardariiess. 
Doiisk  I  unea,  xx. 
Draneev,  k;.  I'.i. 


Drapstock,  21,  2:5. 
Drift  wood,  14,  //. 
J)rui<lisni,  six,  //. 
Duliliii.  (i4,  I0:'>, 
Dudley,  Lieut,  (iov.,  ;!2,  n. 
Duneyjar,  104,  //. 

Earl  Sifrvald,  100. 

Early  Christianity  in  America,  trnccH 

of,  xviii ;  history  of,  xxvii,  /(.  2. 
Earth,  hrief  description  of,  l()(i. 
Hast  Indies,  xlviii.  /(. 
Easton,  Peter,  Iviii,  //. 
Ecliard,  liv,  //. 

I'-jrede,  i{ev.  IlailS,  XXXV,  (!1,  //. 
EeV|lt,  107. 

Eiiiar,  1:5,  17,  10,  /-,  2."». 
,  Eindridesudeii,  lOo. 
!  Elysium,  xiii. 

EnjihuKl,  lOU. 

Enne,  12. 

Eplu'sus,  10(1. 

Eric,  Hishop,  Ivii. 

Eric,  the  l{ed,  xxv,  xTvi  ;  accepts 
Chi'istianity,xxvii;  yoes  toOreen- 
land,  Ii,  17,  10;  resolves  to  seek 
new  land,  12,  IK;  hanished,  10; 
returns  to  (ireeuland,  20,  22  ;  his 
accident,  28. 

Ericksd,  20  ;  see  Ericseya. 

Ericseya,  U!. 

iM'icsliord,  xxvi,  100, 

Ericson,  Thovald,  xlvii.  Ii  ;  ooes  to 
Vinland,  :i!> :  his  tleath,  41.  02, 
(i."> ;  Thorstein,  Ii,  22  ;  sails  for 
N'inland,  4:> ;  returns,  4:i ;  his 
death,  4.""). 

Kricstad,  1(». 

I'ii'ie,  Bisho|i  I'pse,  liii,  104. 

Erlandson,  llauk,  xxiii.  //.  11,  //,4S. 

Espihol,  70. 

Esijuimaux. 

Ethelretl,  xxxvii. 

Ewi.hrates,  lOtl. 

Europe,  107,  100. 

Eyktarstad,  :!2.  :i:i.  /(. 

Eyolfson.  Bishoji  Maynus,  xlviii,  //. 

Eyrliyeeiii  Sajia,  KO. 

Eyvind.  S,'), 

Fall  Hiver,  lix,  //. 

Farm,  Leamintrton.  Iviii. 

Faroese.  Hallad  of,  xlix,  /*. 

Feathir  Islands,  104. 

Fenris,  o,"),  /(, 

Fieds|(ida',  20. 

Fiiihoe'e,  77;  sailed  for  Vinland,  77; 

mur(lere<l,  70. 
Finn  the  Handsome,  xlix,  ii. 
Kinnmark,107.  100. 


iM)i;\. 


11. '5 


Flati'i,  island  (if,  xli. 
Fliiridu.  M7.  I,, 

Flcisr,  T(). 

I'orsai'k,  Tlidrlii'l,  swims  tor  u  sImm'd 
Forstcr.  .1.  {{cinliold.  xlix. 

I''i)rtliiiiitr  isles,  xiv,  XV. 
iMistcr,  ratJiiT,  M.  II. 

l''li|n;IllCllts.n-C()J)-Ca|>llicill.    lO."), 

France,  I ((7, 
Frederick,  bishop,  IT. 
Frederiksliah,  xxviii. 
Frcy,  5,").  /,. 

Frcyd_is,  ol,  77,  //  /sailed  for  Vinlaiid, 
77;  (|iiarrels  with  the  (•(iin|iaiiv,' 
78:  murders  the  lirothers  aiid' 
their coiiiiiaiiy  ;  y  turns  to  (ireeii- 
huid,  SO. 

Fride-erda,  4!(. 

Friedericlistal.  xxxi. 

Frishtnd,  107. 

Frithiofs  Sae-a,  xxiii,«,  't'i.  n 

Frnda.  !»l,  i).-). 

Frode,  Ari,  xxiii,  xxiv,  y/,  xlvi. 

Fiierteventura,  xvi. 


<>riiniinaticus.  Saxo,  hi,  //. 

(i rapes,  .■)4. 

•  iraysteel,  1!»,  //. 

<<reat  Ireland,  (14,  Sd,  ST  /, 

<>n'ece,  107. 

("feenland,    di.scoverv   of.    xxv; 


iiro- 


Furderstrand, 


<;>;     see     \\'onder- 


laarriaH-e  in. 


strand. 
Fnrdustrandur,  110. 

<jaldrakiii,  Tliorfjfrim,  90 

(ianies,  (14. 

(ianilason,  Thorhall,  4i». 

(ianyes,  10(). 

<<ardar,    xxi ;  location 

catliedral  of,   xxx 

xxxiii,  //,  TT,  101). 
(■ardaridjre,  lOS). 

<ias|)e,  Jix,  //. 

<>eir.  tlu'  Priest,  OS, 

<iellarson,  Tliortreir.  10. 

(idler,  'I'hord,  40;  'i'horkel,  S8 

<<eon,  KIT. 

<'ernum_v,  lOT. 

(Jey.ser,  xxii. 

<iill>ert.  -JO,  /^  ;!, 

(■isli,  the  Outlaw, 

(lisser,  US. 

(iissur,  the  Whiti 

(ilaiuliM'rlaiid,  SI. 

<<nu|ison,  Hishop  I'lric,  xxviii 

<'<ide,  SO.  II. 

Oodthaal),  xxviii. 

<'<>c,  Montli  of,  14. 

<ioinera,  xvi. 

(iornliornese-Skfire,  lt>, ;/  ;  see  (Juiin 

liiorn's  I{ocks. 
Oosnold,  :20,  //,  .■);},  11. 
(iottland,  lOS. 
<iould,  Sahiiie-Mariny,  xliv,  /(. 
<>raali.  Captain,  xxviii. 

lo 


IS,  ;/. 


xxxii.  n. 


^H'e.ssof.  xxvi  ;  triliiitarv  to  N,,r. 

Wiy,     xxvii  ;     church    oV<ri|„i/,ed 

in,  xxviii  ;  monuments  and  ruins, 
XNx  ;  explorations  in,  xxxii  • 
trade  of,  ^>;>^iii  ;  Inst  hishop  of,' 
•Nxxiii  ;    decline    of,    xxxiii  ;   lost 

(Mvenland   found,   xxxv;  (^ n 

.Mare-aivt  jirohihits  trade,  xxxv 
Minis  in,  :.'l  :  cattle,  'Jd  ;  Christi-' 
iiiiity  introduced,  lOS,  10!) 
,  <ii'cenlander,  .Jon.,  xxxi  v. 

[  (n-eedry,  jy,  xXV,  li,'i. 

\  <irettir,  Satra,  xliv,  n,  28,  n 
I  'irnnhild,  her  death  44 
(irindiel.  Vi. 

<Jnniolfs.m,  Hiarn..,  40,  ol  ;  lost  in  the 

Worm  Sea,  (i;},  // 
<'i'ipla,  10(i,  100, 
(nidlaue-  th,.   {{ieli,  100 
(Judlauyson,  (iu,|l,.ic,  Hi  ;  uv„.s  to  Du- 

Idlll,  I00;cariied  to.sea   lOl    lO" 
(.udrid,;iT  44,4.-,:  second  niarria-e, 

•u,    i:.  ;  eo,.s  1,,  Vinland,  ."il   04 

'-;j{;;''stoHome,si, ;,,•„„„„  f^; 

<'udrun,T(). 

<MinidMorii,  xxv;  his  rocks,  li,  ir^,  H 
'■-'.  1/i;  money  found  at,  14!" 
ot,    XXIX,  /;;    (iunnstein,  l:|. 

('iiutliorm  Stale,  lO,'). 

j  Jlafyerdinoar,  'i'i  u  •>,j 
'  Hafraf.dl,  S.-),  '  "•  • 
'  Haki,  ."j.'J,  (i((, 

llaldor,  xxxiii,  l;{. 
!  Halifax,  ','0 
■  Hal  la,  TO. 
Hallhera,  Km,  Ahlx 
Hallfrida,  Tl,  TO,  H2. 
I  Halmond,  xliv,  /,. 
Haloiraland,  xxxviii. 
Ilanno,  xiv. 
Harald  Ilarfaer.  xxi. 
llardicimuie,  \xx\ii. 
Hamld,  'I'lie  Sicrn.  xxxvii 
llai'vard  colleu-e,  lv,  u, 
llauk,  llerr,  70. 
Haukdal,  Hi,  js,   10. 
Ilaverim,  IT,  '22. 
Head  lirink.  04. 
Head,  Sir  Kdmund    x 
Heath,  lix,  II. 


iifStad,  TO. 


xlvi. 


i  Hehridi's,  •.>,■",,  00. 
Heimdal.  ;!."",,  /,. 
Hi'kia, .-,:;,  0(1. 


II 


INDKX. 


Ilriiiiski'iiiohi,  iii.  HT,  ii,    xxxvii,    //, 

\lvii,  Ivi,  /(. 
II.  la.  .•).-.. 
Ili'lfri'.    TT :   sailed    (or   Vitilaiid,  77  ; 

iimrdficd,  T'.l ;    llif  licaii,  Hfi. 
IIclj-vlcll.  S!(,  ill,  KM), 
ilcllulaiid,  liii,  (m.  lOH.  110. 
llclsinyT'laiid,  lOS. 
Il('iiiiiiijxw>ii,  Mayiuis,  XXXV. 
Hi'nuir,','l, ',':!,  //,:2r>. 
Ilrl'mlfiii'ss,  xxiv. 
llcriult'sciii,  Hiai'iir,  11 ;    <rocs  to  N'ur- 

way,  27  ;  jrocs  to  (it'i'i'iilaiid,  'li  ; 

sees  new  laud,  2!!, '^4  ;  settles, 'jr». 
Herodotus,  xlvii. 

Ilesiierides,  XV. 

Hialte,  xxvii,  //  ;{,  :W. 

Ilispaula.  107. 

Historic  (u'ueiilojricnl  UeHister.  'M),ii. 

Ilistoriske    Miudesiua'vker,    (ivou- 

laud.  II.  1."),  ,S7.  /(. 
ilitai'dale.  Hi. 
Ilohy.  Ivi.  /(. 
IlolduStraud.  10. 
Ilojilii  tlie  White.  M*). 
Iloluiirard,  107. 
Holsteiu,  100. 
llolsteii\l)or<r,  xxviii. 
Hoiucr.  xiii.  xlvii. 
lloiiislater. '^0. 
lloiicv  |)e\v.  ol.  //. 
lloi.,"(M».  7(hsee  .Mf,  irope. 
Horse  head.  Thonl,  40. 
Ilorttido.  Marv.  (il .  //. 
Ilreidarson.  I'll',  Vi. 
llusasuot vu,  81,  //. 
Ilval.so.  t!(>. 
llval.MMionl.  !.'((. 
llvidserk.  100. 
Ilvitraimnaua  laud.  Iii,  M(J. 
llyniii  to  'I'hor.  .■).").  (i7. 

Icelaud,  discovery,  xxi;  coloiii/atiou. 
xxi  ;  hirds  of,  xxii  ;  uiaiiiuialia. 
xxii;  Christiauity  iuti-oduced. 
xxxi.  17;  date  of  manuscripts, 
xli  ;  the  Saya-uieu,  xii  :  |iriuiiue' 
press  estalilislied,  xlvii;  'I'lie 
I'Mdas.  xlvii. 

Icelandic,  eraniuial.  structure  of.  iv. 

Iduua.  •")."),  //. 

lyaliko.  XXX,  Ivi. 

Illliee.   10. 

Iiiilia.  KM). 

Indialaud.  IHIi. 

ludiaus.  (ias|ie,  lix,  //. 

Ineie-ei'd,  70. 

Inedlf,  xxii.  '.21.  ^o,  ."ilf,  ii. 
Injidlfsliodi.  xxii,  //.  xxiii. 
lona.  Isles  of.  xxiv. 


Ireland.  lOS,  100. 
,  Irelanil  the  (ii'cat,  x viii. 
j  Irish  .Monks,  xxi,  //  ,•  hooks  of,  xxiii  ; 

hells  and  cro/iers  of,  xxiv,  101. 
I  Ironsides,  Hiarue,  10. 
i  Irviny.  Washinjrton,  xliv,  xlviii,  //. 
'  Islands,  (ireek,  107. 
Isle,  of  Currents,  TtA  :  Nausei,  20,  l^, 

;il,  //,  ."):(,  ()(»:  of  Sahle,  Wl.  II. 
Isles,  of  America,  xviii  ;oftlie  Hlesscd, 

xiv, 
Italy,  Ivii,  107. 

I  .lardar,  nxv,  \'i,  n,  !,"». 
.h'rusalem,  10(i. 
John,  the  Apostle,  10(». 
.lolinsoti,  Hiorn,  48  ;  Dr.,  liii. 
.loinville,  xlvii. 
.loiusherjf.  Vikin<.''s,  O;!. 

.loues.   Inied,  lix,  /(. 

.lord,  the  Karlh.  01,  /(. 
.lorund,  10,  7(1,  (SH. 
Julian's  Hope,  xxviii,  xxx. 
Juno,  rem])le  of,  xvi. 
Junouia,  xv,  xvi,  xvii. 

Kakortok,  xxx. 

Kalhrumirskald,  Tlioriuod,  Hi. 

Kallstejrjr,  xxiii,  ii  ;  iv,  ii. 

Kamli,  07. 

Kauiisok,  Ivii. 

Karkortok,  Ivii. 

Karlsefue  'i-  :  Thorlinn,  Iii,  Ivi,  ?/, 
;),  II  ;  yoes  to  (ireeiiland,  40; 
marriaye,  ■")!,  7~  ;  sails  for  Vin- 
31,  (i4,  72;  sails  pii St  Wonder- 
strand,  'h) ;  t.rades,  r)8,  7:! ;  battle 
with  natives,  ."lO,  7.'");  seeks  'I'lior- 
luill,  (II  ;  sails  south,  ").");  kills 
some  SkiM'llinys,  (iO  ;  retuiiis  to 
(ireenland,  (!l!.  7'").  177;  yoes  to 
lcelan<l,  71,  7(1;  ji'oesto  Norway, 
80  ;cuts  wood,  108  ;  Sliorre,  horn, 
74, 7(i,  82. 

Kendal.  .\.  Iv.  Ivii,  //. 

Ketil.  17.  2."").  80. 

Kiafal.  '>'■>. 

Ivialarness.  40,  '>'2.  ()5. 

Kiarten.  0:i.  Oo,  10:i. 

Kinji',  C'liristiaii  II,  xxxv;  Christian 
III,  xxxv;  Frederic  II,  xxxv; 
llenrv  of  INiriufial,  xvii,  //  ,• 
Harold,  xxiv,  xlv,  OJJ ;  Juha  II, 
XV,  xvi;  Maenus,  xxxii  ;  Olaf 
the  Saint,  100;  Olaf  Try  eevesson, 
Sajiii  of.  xxxviii,  IS;  accepts 
Christianity,  xxvi ;  liis  swim- 
mine-  nialch,  xxxvii  ;  ship  of, 
xxxviii  ;  Swi'no,  xlix,  //  ,•  Nehu- 
chadue/,/ar,  10(i. 


INDKX. 


11. 


KinyiktnrsDnk.  xwi. 
Kiiii_fslp(in)iin||,  xvii. 
Kitilcliiiinii'.  ;!S,  /,. 
KiijiiTalirinirii,  'riiorhinrv. 
K-mIiuiisoii.  'riioi'viild,  \7. 
Kol,  l."^.  I,. 
Koltfriiiissiiii,   llriPiii-  xxx 

Kl'iljr,.,   rif.    11;. 

lynli,  Tliurvald,  7(!. 
Krnksliiu-(liii'lii''Mli.  xxxii. 
KvcihIIiumI,  1(),S. 


Liil)rii(lor,  2H,  «. 

I'iiiiio-,  iii.  iv,  Ivii.  //  ,•   IVot 

l-ukr,  (l!t;    huliscs  liliilt   III,  70. 

I,iinci'n)ti',  wi. 

I.iUKhl  If.ilf,  l(),-|. 

l-iui(liiiiiim   Hiiok.  Nxiii.  /(  I,  1 1. 

I"i\v  III'  iiiatriiiiDiiy,  7!),  /,, 

lii'aiiiiiioicn.  h-iji'  ,, 

I/ci'liic,  I'atliiT,  lix. 

Ji('<lrliimiiiiiir,  xxxviii. 

l.<'if,  XXvi,   li,   Iii,    IS,  -J-i,  >J(i;     jr,„.s     t,, 

Viiilaiid,  '27  ;  n^tiinis  t(i'~(iic(ii 
land,  ;!(!;  finds  sliipwivckcd 
sadnrs,  :!(;,  :is,  ;{<)  ;  siMit    K.    \,u, 


Ids 


I  Afarana,  .Idlni  I'aid,  xix. 
I  Maikiaiid,  liii,  •,>'.»,  „.  (),-,,  )o,-).  |()s 
.Mais,  \'indis.  x\x. 
'!.  l''^.  NS,     .Marsipii,   .\n.,    |ii,    ,s.-,,    s(!     n    ,s7 
ss,  „, 
,  .Manila's  Vincvard.  .Vt.  «. 
•MassaciiiisrttH,"  Ids,  //. 
•Massiir  \\(Hi(l,  s|. 
.Mailirr,  Dr.  Cutti.ii,    Iv,  //,  .)(;,  ,,  ,- 
.\liii/iiiili(i,    .j(i,     „,    ,-,s,    „,    (il' 

7},  /(. 
j  .Mathirsdii,  xxx. 
!  .Mauritania,  xx. 

.Miilafii'lssiraiid,  !l(). 
i  .Mcdiifrniiii'aii,  Klfi,  |(»7. 
i  .Mcrr.v  .Mount,  :!•,>,  i,. 

.Mcxicc.  Uritisli  I,ann;uai,rr  in,  xix. 

•Mi<lyiird,  ;!."i,  //. 

.Mid.jcikui,  1(1,  -JO. 
I  .Miklatrjird,  |()7, 
I  .Miirsiciis,  xix,  //, 

.Mill,   Xi'njMirt,  Iviii,  //,   Clii'siiTtnn, 
lix,  II. 

•Miniir  .Varrativcs,  Iii,  Sd. 

.Missi(]iiarii's,  Frcncli,  lix,  //. 

.Miiirliord,  |:!, 

.M 


XXXIX. 


••laini  Cliristianitv  in  (in'rnlaiid     i^""'.^'  ''"""'I.  !'• 
;5H,  ;ii);  liis  HiMiili's  lix  40  .-,()   7-)'    'M'lniiniriits,  ahsmcc  of,    Iv 
lOo,  n  .-his  iiidir„„.,ifon  hSvvdis'    •''""'■•  ^'"^ 
HO.  HH;   tiLc  Luckv,  I  OS 
l-i'ikskaalc,  D). 


.Moriiiii,  .\cw  Knolisli  Cnnanii 

.MnsslMl,  ;is,  /,. 


l.it<'i'atuiv()f   Icdaiid.    xliii-   An. Ho     •\'""'"    l'''srrt,  liv,  ;,. 

Saxon,    xlvi  ;   of   France,  xlvii  ;    ^,   ""!  ""I'l'  'W'  '"•  •*--  •"'•» 


Castiliaii,  xlvii. 
Lizards,  xvii, 
I-iidhriik,  l?(iyiiar,  10. 
Lnjriiiaii's  .Aniiall,  104.  //. 
hi'iiyardrlrn.  |:|. 
liiikc.  .-).-),  /(. 
l-oini.ardlaiid,  1(»7. 
lioniliarilv,  107. 
l-onji'  Srrpnit,  xxxviii. 
IiO|)t.son,  'I'liorolf  K.var.  100 


•Mundia,  107. 

Xadodd,  xxi. 
.Varrajraiisi'it  Ma.v,  O.  u. 
Narratives,  1  ;  tlil'ir triitlirMliiess.  liii  ; 
I  heir  aire,  liv  :  .Maior  Narratives' 
!»  :  .Mill,.!-  s;;. 
I  Naiiiiiekei,  :!0,  /,,  ;;-j.  „ 

Ne|irass,  llerjxill,  S7. 
■  .Ness   Rnili,  IvJ. 
i  Newloundlaiid,  liii. 
I  Ne\v|ii>rt,  Iviii.  //,  li\    /, 
I  Niall.  xix. 
;  Nicliolas.  100. 
.N'idai'os.  IS. 
Nile,  107. 


Alacliin,  IJohert.  xvii,  //. 

.Madeira,  xvi. 

.Madr.  hi.  //. 

-Mae-iius,  Olaiis,  xl. 

.Mae-iiusseiKj'roi:,  Finn,  xxxi,  wxiii,    Nineveh,  llWi. 

xlvii,  77,  -11.  II.  Nivaria.  xv. 

Alajrtv,  llald-.r,  lO.!  Nnrdenliel.l   ir, 

Elaine,  hv,  //.  Nordrseiiir,  xxxii 

^"'"•■•.r'-    ,.,  >-■"'•"'    Ann.riean  Hevieu,  iii, 

^alt<.|,nm  .)•,',  //.  Northern  .\nti.|uarians.  xlix   >Ml   „ 

Man.  Isle  of.  00,  X,„.,|  '  '  '   '  " 


M.  ,      ,,         ,,  ■thiiieii,    xviii,  XX  ;  character  and 

Ma.nuno;ake  Ha.v,  :;i,  ,,.  .         achievements  of,  xxxvi  :  s '  ,  f 

Manuscri,,ts.dateot,xli.  ,xxvii  ;      culoni/.e      .iivenanl 

Manvel..lnan.  xlvii.  ^  xxx vii  ;.lisc„ver  .\.nerica,  xxx vi  : 

nautical  kiiowli'dne  ,,f,  xl. 


invel,  Juan,  xlvii. 
.Mar,  so,  !i!i. 


IK) 


I.NDKX. 


fc) 


Niirtliimilpriu,  n\ wii. 

Noiwiiy,  Kir,  urn, 

Niiiiiirys, :!(!,  //. 

Nviii  l,mi(l,  101.  ,/. 
Nyjiiliiiiilii  liiiid,  lit."),  //. 

Occiui,  i'licilic.  lOS. 

On'llhlllli,  Mnif.  1 1(1. 

Otlilsiui,  I'Vuidrid.  \N\i. 

(liliii.  wii,  //.  wii,  '.I.  /(.  ."i."),  V,  /(, 

(tiliiml,    KIM. 

Oyiirsviycii,  i:|. 

(CI  hillciiim,  \is. 

(lliil',  llif  Siiiiit,  \  wvii. 

OM  .Mill,  Iviii,  //, 

Oiiiliriips,  XV,  xvi. 

Oivdlimvs,  km;. 

Old,  ill,  82, 

(hkiicys,  !l(). 

Ol'liiii/d.  wii, 

Onu',  the  Lciill,  S'l. 

Otis,  A II IDS,  ;!(l,  //. 

Pillrv,  I)i„  liv. 

I'liHnv,  lix,  /,. 

I'Mliiioviicsiii,  xxii. 

I'iiliiiii,  xvi, 

I'ldiiiitiiki,!!:!,  //,  111. 

i'ldtrskiii,  KIT. 

l'ii|ic.\,  Isiiiiid  of,  xxiv. 

I'ii|iyli,  Isliiiid  (it.  xxiv. 

Piin'iili.-c,  Klli,  KIT. 

Piiiviiliils,  !I'J, 

I''iri\.  xxxi, 

Piidi  iiCrnirnU;', 

Pclhiiiii,  j'ldwiird,  Iviii,  //. 

I'ciiuuiii  Isliiiids,  i(U.  /(. 

I*cii(p|psi-iit.  i.  iv.  /(, 

I'ciiimskidld.  ;!',',  /(,  ;!(!,  //,  Id,  II. 

Pfi'iuiii,  KIS,  Kill, 

Prirr,  liir  .\|i,)Sllc,   KMi. 

Pi  yrert',  xxv,  //  "J,  xxxiv, 

Pliiiniiili  Nrclni,  xiv. 

Pliciiiciiiiis.  xiii,  xi\.  xvii. 

Pliiillilis,  xix,   ;/. 

Pilliii's  i\\'  licrciiii'S.  xii,  xiii. 

Pisuii,  KIC. 

Pliilii.  xiii. 

I*,  iiy,  x\',  xvi,  ."iT, 

Pliniiilii,  xvi, 

Piuliiii'li,  xvi. 

Plyiiiiiiii  ji  ( 'iiliuiists,  xlvii, 

Pdiiil  .Mdcrtnii.    Id,  /(. 

Piiilll  ( 'iirr.  (id. 

Pdiiii   (iillici'i.  ;!d,  ,,,  ;)1.  /,.  4d.  n. 

II  .  (1(1.  /(. 
P(i|iliiuii.  (irdTMc.  ;;(',.  ,/. 
I'dfi  lliililiiniin.'iil, 
Prii'sis  dl'  Siiis,  xiii. 


PrinrT    llciirv    tlic    N'iiviyiitnr,    xvi, 

Vi.  II. 
Prince  .MiiddC,  \x. 
Piircliiis,  His  l'i|Miiiiiii;iv,  Vi.n. 
Piicrld  Hflld,  i\:\.ii. 
I'iir|piiriiiiii',  XV,  xvi, 
Pidsliiiid,  Kir, 

(^IH'l'll    .MllljriijTt,  XXXV, 
liilcc    Pdilll.    Id,  //, 

l.'iilii.  Ildjiii  (iiiM^',  Ki.  I!l:  Pi'dl'.,  iv. 
\  ;  t  lie  l/nilrfii-k  llirl'cllillil ,  S.'i, 
S(i,  MM.  xviii,  xxxiii,  xlix  ;  his 
.\nlii|iiiti('s  (if  .\iiiriicii,  xlix,  Iv, 
Ivi,  1.-.,  •,'.■>,  :!d,  //,:il,  /(,Mr,  /',  Ki:!, 

Husk,  Pi'dl'cssdr,  xxxi. 

liiiiidiilf,  xxxviii. 

liiiii^'liilr,  Ki. 

Ucd  Ik  aid,  (ir  :  sec  Tlinr. 

|{cikiii\  ik,  xxiii,  I'J,  TCi. 

Hliiiic,  Kir. 

IJliddc  isliiiid,  li  ;  Misldficiil  Sdcictv 
df,  Ivi. 

IJolicrlsoii,  PfV.  ill'.,  xlix. 

Hocks,  Pditsiiidiilli,  Ivii, /(  ,•  'rivcitdii, 
Ivii,  //, 

Kdt'llSn|'i|iii,    17. 

{{(locr  (iiiisciii'd,  xxxvi,  /(, 

Hdll'df  Kodcsiiiid,  i:S,  ld-1, 

Hoiid,  xxxvii. 

Kiiidmviids,  111,  1(1(1. 

{{oniid  'I'owcrs,  lix,  //, 

HiiiiMiiKic,  hi,  //, 

llmiic  Lcilcrs.  on  :iii  oiir,  xxxiv  :  iijjfc 

dt'    ,\liiliiilict,    xviii  ;    ill    (ircttir 

Siid'ii.  xliv,  /(. 
Itiiiidltsdii.    Hislid|)    Tlidi-lak,  ri,  ?(), 

Itiissia,  Kir,    KIS. 

SiK  red  Kisli,  ."ir,  (ill. 

Sm'IiiiiiiiI  ilic  Wise,  xiii. 

Sayiidalidc,  ;!(!,  //. 

Siiyas,  iii,  iv.  11(1,  //  ,■  ^^ciicial  know 
l(Mljic  dl',  xlix. 

Si.  Cdiiiiulia.  x\iii  :  Paul,  liv;  Pal- 
rick,  xviii  ;  .liilm,  Iii  ;  Savior, 
liv,  /(. 

St.  Sii|iliin,  Kir, 

Salmon,  'A'!. 

Saxavdl,  \'i. 

Saxc,  son  of  .Ml'arin  N'alcsdii,  l."». 

Saxd  (iiaiiiinaliciis,  xlviii. 

SaxdM,  \'. 

Scii('liiinu-.  sr,  //, 

Sclidolciall,  llcrii'v,  Iv,  //. 

Scotland,  KIM. 

Scots,  .*):'(, 

Sea  (if  HarUni'ss,  xii. 


\.  T(i, 


iM»i:.\.  ,,, 

lit 

it,^  K|,iscn|ml,  Hk;  ;  ..t(;iinliir,  U)H,    Sii|„.|stiti.iii.  -JK,  /,. 

Swcdiii,  Kir  :  ||„.  iVssiT,  KIH. 
Swciii,  sxwii. 
Sydcfd,  1!». 

'I'lH'ciitii.  Sd,  /,. 

'I'aritiis,  xJN.  //,  !*. 

'riiimtiin,  Iv,  /;. 

Tlior,  Nxii,  „,  Nxiv, !),/,,;!.-,,  «,  .-,), ,-,,-,, 

|l'hiprl)i'iy,  XNwiii,  //. 

'rii(irl>i(iiy.  sd. 

Tlinrliioni.  (1,-) ;  the  Km,  vji   jn  .  \'j||| 

son,  |(i. 
'riicirlijipriiyloi'ii,  I  7,  •J.'i. 
'riiorliriiiiilsipii,  Ililni.i;-  •,>,-)•  Stiowi' 

(il. 

'rii'Pid.  (!»,  :•,>. 

SlluiTc,  7'^. 


Siiit,  K 
Id!) 
Scat  I'.psis,  I!);  scrSctstiikkar. 
SiTkliiiiil.  1(17. 
Sc'i'tnriiis,  xiv. 
Sctsinkkai',  wii,  //. 
Sliawaiicsc  liiilians,  ST,  /(, 
Sicilv,  107. 
Sida!  I()."i. 

SiM||\,,isiiii,  Ki'liiiy,  xvxi. 
SiHiinl,  Kiiil  nitlic  Oikiii'vs,  !»(». 
SkaMiiiionl.  s| . 
Skiilliult.  wxi,  V. 
Skaidl'a.  Hiai'ivii  von,  xxxiv. 
Skilctcpii  ill  iiiiiiipr,  li\,  „. 
.'<kialilcs|iil(|ir,  Kvviiid,  \lv. 
Ski'itiiliiprdcii,  I:;  " 


Skn,;lli,iirs.xxxii._xxxiii.-.K  H.  r,7  ;     Tl„pr,|:„.;,;,i.m,.n,.  xxxi  ;  f 
j  rad,.  wit  I  Km,'  s,.|i„,.-„s,  (I!).  r(..     Tlippi-ds,.,,.  xxiii,  „,  1 1,  ,. 


T:! ;  line  killp'il  ',  (. 
Skfii'llinus  liiiid.  I  10. 
Slaves,  I.S,  „,  |<»^  ,-,;{. 
Slcdovs.  !»M. 
Sim  Miisli,  :!0,  ,t. 
Sinii'lliiiu'ii|..  41^  11^ 
Siiialniskia,  107 


TliiPi-di.K,  7(1. 

TliPiivr  till'  Idle,  :!!». 

'rii-irlimi,  Kai'l  .>t'  tlicOrkiirvs  SM 

'l'li"i'«vir.  71,  7(1;   ifcd.  Hi.     ■ 

'riiip|nr>,|    k;^  ij)   .jo 

'riKPi'yiij.s,  K(piis(.ii,  ss. 

'rii<p|oin|_  ■>\ 


Smith,    ('M|pt.    Jului.   •,>!».    /,  .•  .Insliua  Thi.ruii,,,.  stvr    K! 

I ""I.  'ii.  iv;  Mr.    I'hili|p,  td.  TImihall   tlir"  liim,.,.,  .-,|,  .V}.  d,-,,  07, 

S.iiiiirs  DiMNpyiip.s,  4J.  TlMPrhiid.  xxvii    Id  •  lirr  Hi,  ,rl,    r- 

^ .";;-•-'.  ""it,.,  i:i:kill..d  M.I,-,,,,  til,.  Partridov, -i!.  '     '' 

Sn,-,. t,.    ,  MippiiMtiiin  ..I.  xxxii.  Tlmrkali.pnl,  S.', 

^'""''■Il^.l"l^"ll.  Ki.  TlH.rkatlM    ^7    ' 

SiMprr...  SU,  !)!,  !i;{,  Od,  !I7,  !IS,  Oil,  lO-J.  Tli-pik.l    |;!    |.l 

^""^v,  ,0.  'n„,p.i.„.;'„.  'ij;  ; 


Sniiwlaiid,  xxi. 

SippTs.  Kviilf,   Id. 

Sipkkc.  xxix. 

Sdlipii.  xiii. 

Solvi,  1 7,  •,>,-,. 

Sip|id,.|isli(.|(l,  !),-). 

S|paiiilaiid.  107. 

S|i,.|.|iliiin  l{,.M-ii|i,  xi. 

Sii,.rlpiiii.n,  ]:',. 

Siafliipit.   I:;. 

Staiias  S,.1p,isiis,  w.  xvI. 

Sti'liimn.  7f!. 

Si,.|ka,  111. IT  KiTland,  7d. 

Stili,.h(>.  xix,  11.  1, 

Sti'Mliu,  xix,  xvii. 


Stiaiiiii  Ma.v._,-.4,  70;  s,,.  Stivain  May.     Tin-ris.'ioi; 


'I'liiirlaciiis.  Misl,ip|i,  ;!'i,  /, 
'riiiTip,!.  l:!.  kill,.,!.  I  I.  '|,-,'„ 
'riiipiip(l,|,!l(l,  ill,  !i-.',  !»:l.!l.-),  !)(;,!»7,  100  ■ 

W'lPPPll,.)!  ( '|,pO-,  111. 

'riiipniiiii.  111. 
'riiiPi-siii'stirniy,  !i:!. 
Tiicp|.si,.iii   niiii.k.  11,  ,s-,),  „ 
'riiipniiia.  71.  7d,  S',>. 
'I'lHPi-val,!.  s,iii  ,.f  Ili.juv.    KM  •  .>;,p|i  ,.r 
<»svai(|,    !,-,,  id. 

■riioi-\ui-d,  .■)',>. 
'rii,',i|),piii|piis.  xii, 

'riiiiii;ii,.ss.  ];!.  II. 
'riir,pniili,.iiii,  is.  III!), 
'''miiil.  ,-,!.  /,,  70;  ,,f  Kn„|.,    .sj)  <)| 
10-'.  lo:!.  '       '      ' 


St  nil  III  lev.  d( 
St,\i.|ii()i.n,  iC),  !M,  I,.  07. 
Stvaiiiiiliiii.,!,  100. 
Sti.,.ain  I5a\,  ."il. 
Stiif.  th,.  S'kalil.  xlv. 
Stiii.liiiH-,.|.s.  100. 
St.vniK.r.  xxiii.  /<.  II.  /,. 
Sukki.r()|i|M.|i,  x\\  iii. 
Smiiafliilf.  |:!. 


'riiiilicr  flit.  7;>. 

'I'liliiiii.  10. 

Tiprla.us.   xxxi  :  wcprks  ,pf,  xlix,  :;•,>. 


■is 


Trailit 


i"M,  liidiaii,  Ivii. 


railitiipiis 


XVIIl. 


'iirkisli  S|p,v.  xix. 
yi'ians.  xii"i. 
'.vik,.i.,  'js,  ;M,  ;;,-, 


118 


INI>KX. 


ir  Kniyc,  Nxv,  Id. 

II'  Ocxim 'riiMrcrifJMDii,  15. 

If  llir  Si|llilllfr,  H."),  HH. 
Mi|ir(lH,   ISI . 

vii'p',  (1:1,  70. 

aw.  ^1. 

ul.lll.lCi. 

all(li<lia.  (Ill,  70. 

altrcnla,  7i!. 

nltli'mf,  |H. 

Hllirllcli,  <;;!,  70. 

utnnliv.T.  17,  IS,  25. 

atHlmiri.  Ht. 

•  •niiclahil,  lOH. 

illcliai'ilDiiiii.  \lvii. 

iiilaiiil,  wvii,  /(  1.  Ivii.  lOK  ;  Han 
crnt'i'H  VlcwKol'.  xliii,  //  ,•  kituwii 
liv  .Vdaiii  <il'  Hri'iiK'H.  xlix.  //,  !{((, 
// ;  kiinwii  liy  llic  ii'isli.  xlix,  n, 
liii,  Ivi  ;  climati',  '.Vl,  (17  ;  Kitimtion 
of,  H7;  tlifOiMxl,  lOH,  110. 

ivicii  (Ic  St.  .Martin,  xiv. 

uva>f<'s — Kric  tlif  i{r(l,  l,")-'.*!  ;  Hi- 
■  iiiiir,  'l\-'m  ■  l-i'if  "k,  'JfM:'. ;  'riiur- 
stein's,     Hi— }H  ;    Kal'lscfnr's,    4H- j 
70;  Fivydis,  77-8-J  ;  llfljr,.,  77-' 


Vovatri'H,  ciintiiiiird  — 

S',' ;  l-'iriimtfi',  77"S'i  ;  MafKon's, 
H,"»-HH  ;  .Xsliniiiiison's.  H!l-1(»0; 
(imliiinysdii's.  IO(l-|;i  ;  .Miscrlla- 
I us,  IO:i-l(l.");  IMiciiiciHiis,  xiv. 

WafiT,  H,  (1.  /(. 

NN'aliiciiiar  tlic  Orcat,  !•:!,  n. 

Walki'iidcirf,  .Nrclibislmp  I'Iric,  xxxv. 

Wailin,  !»;;,/(. 

U'ai'wick.  lix,  /(. 

NN'ai'wicksliii'c,  Iviii,  //,  lix,  //. 

W.'iiii.  l>f.,:il,  ,i. 

Wrilaiif,  14,  II. 

\V  hales.  .54,  5(».  7:1. 

Wlical,  54.  fid. 

White  man's  land.  <»:!.  70,  S(!,  S7,  /(, 

MH. 
\N'inthi-(i|).  I'fof.,  Iv,  //. 
Wonder  strand.  !!0, //.  5)1,  //,  (1(1,  //,  (I!). 
Wdiidlanil,  1(»5,  /(. 
Wdiidrow,  liv,  //. 
Wiirniins.  xxxiv. 
Worm  Sea.  (Hi,  70. 
Writing'  |{ock  ;  sei'  i)irrliton  Hock. 

Yulo,  50. 


Pubiic  Archives  of  Nova  Scotfa 
HALIFAX.    N.  S. 


Miirson'M, 

Misccllii- 
I'iims,  siv. 


-ric,  Nxxv. 


M(i.   S7 


(Id,//,  (111. 


n  liiick. 


